As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 29, 2024.

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

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AMENDMENT NO. 2
TO
FORM F-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

___________________________________

Gauzy Ltd.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

___________________________________

Eyal Peso
Chief Executive Officer and Chairman
14 Hathiya Street, Tel Aviv 6816914, Israel
Tel: +972-72-250-0385

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

___________________________________

Gauzy USA, Inc.
840 F Avenue, Suite 104
Plano, TX 75074
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

__________________________________

___________________________________

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:    As soon as practicable after the effective date hereof.

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box. ☐

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards † provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this prospectus to the terms “Gauzy,” “the Company,” “our,” “us,” and “we” refer to Gauzy Ltd. and its subsidiaries.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus that we have authorized to be delivered or made available to you. Neither we nor the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus, any amendment or supplement to this prospectus, or in any free writing prospectus prepared by us or on our behalf or to which we have referred you. Neither we nor the underwriters take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the ordinary shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. Neither we nor the underwriters are making an offer to sell these ordinary shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted or where the person making the offer or sale is not qualified to do so or to any person to whom it is not permitted to make such offer or sale. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of the date of the front cover of the prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of ordinary shares. Our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects may have changed since that date.

Persons who come into possession of this prospectus and any applicable free writing prospectus in jurisdictions outside the United States are required to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions as to this offering and the distribution of this prospectus and any such free writing prospectus applicable to that jurisdiction. See “Underwriting” for additional information on these restrictions.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Our financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. We present our consolidated financial statements in U.S. dollars. Our fiscal year ends on December 31 of each year. Certain figures included in this prospectus have been subject to rounding adjustments. Accordingly, figures shown as totals in certain tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that precede them.

The terms “shekel,” “Israeli shekel” and “NIS” refer to New Israeli Shekels, the lawful currency of the State of Israel, the terms “dollar,” “U.S. dollar,” “USD” or “$” refer to United States dollars, the lawful currency of the United States of America, and the terms “Euro” or “€” refer to the Euro, the lawful currency of the European Union member states. For the purposes of the presentation of financial data, all conversions from NIS or Euro to U.S. dollars were made at the then current exchange rate. The U.S. dollar amounts presented in this prospectus should not be construed as representing amounts that are receivable or payable in dollars or convertible into dollars, unless otherwise indicated. All references to “shares” in this prospectus refer to ordinary shares of Gauzy Ltd., par value NIS 0.23 per share.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Key Business Metrics

We present our results of operations in a way that we believe will be the most meaningful and useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and others who use our financial information to evaluate our performance. Some of our financial measures are not prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, or non-GAAP, under SEC rules and regulations. For example, in this prospectus, we present revenue backlog, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow, all of which are non-GAAP financial measures as defined in Item 10(e) of SEC Regulations S-K. Revenue backlog, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow are non-GAAP financial measures, are presented for supplemental informational purposes only, and are not intended to be substitutes for any GAAP financial measures, including revenue or net income (loss), and, as calculated, may not be comparable to companies in other industries or within the same industry with similarly titled measures of performance. In addition, these non-GAAP measures should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items. Therefore, these non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, or in isolation from, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Where appropriate, reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP figures are included. For further discussion, see the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

TRADEMARKS

“LCG®,” “GAUZY,” “SMART-VISION,” and “VISION SYSTEMS” are trademarks of ours that we use in this prospectus. This prospectus also includes trademarks, tradenames and service marks that are the property of other organizations. Solely for convenience, our trademarks and tradenames referred to in this prospectus appear without the ® or ™ symbols, but those references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights, or the right of the applicable licensor to our trademark and tradenames.

MARKET, INDUSTRY AND OTHER DATA

This prospectus contains estimates, projections and other information concerning our industry, our business, and the markets for our products. Information that is based on estimates, forecasts, projections, market research or similar methodologies is inherently subject to uncertainties, and actual events or circumstances may differ materially from events and circumstances that are assumed in this information. Unless otherwise expressly stated, we obtained this industry, business, market and other data from our own internal estimates and research as well as from reports, research surveys, studies and similar data prepared by market research firms and other third parties, industry and general publications, government data and similar sources. While we believe our internal company research as to such matters is reliable and the market definitions are appropriate, neither such research nor these definitions have been verified by any independent source.

In addition, assumptions and estimates of our and our industry’s future performance are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause our future performance to differ materially from our assumptions and estimates. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, in addition to the other information set forth in this prospectus, including the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before purchasing our ordinary shares. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be negatively impacted. In that case, the trading price of our ordinary shares would likely decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of or that we deem immaterial may also become important factors that adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We invest significant effort and capital seeking validation of our light and vision control products with OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, mainly in the aeronautics and automobile markets, and there can be no assurance that we will win production models, which could adversely affect our future business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our light and vision control products are technologically complex, incorporate many technological innovations, and are subject to rigorous testing and certification. We invest significant effort and capital with OEMs, and Tier 1 suppliers to seek validation of our light and vision control products in the end products manufactured by OEMs, such as vehicles, trains, commercial jets and helicopters, which we refer to as a “design win.” The development cycles of our light and vision control products with new OEMs and Tier 1 supplier customers are approximately one to four years following a design win, based on our past experience with customers. These development cycles result in our investing of resources prior to realizing any revenues.

The OEM acquires our products either directly from us or through a Tier 1 supplier, which integrates our light and vision control products into a complete product that it manufactures. These OEMs and suppliers undertake extensive testing or qualification processes prior to placing orders for large quantities of our light and vision control products because such products will function as part of a larger system or product and must meet specifications that we do not control or dictate. As such, the OEM and Tier 1 supplier customers generally must make significant commitments of resources to test and validate our products before including them in any particular end product. We could expend our resources without success and if we do not achieve a design win with respect to a particular end product, we may not have an opportunity to supply our products to the OEM or Tier 1 supplier for that end product for a period of many years. After a design win, it is typically quite difficult for a product or technology that did not receive the design win to displace the winner until the OEM or Tier 1 supplier issues a new request for quote, or RFQ, because it is very unlikely that an OEM or Tier 1 supplier will change complex technology. In addition, the company with the winning design may have an advantage with the OEM or Tier 1 supplier going forward because of the established relationship between the winning firm and such OEM or Tier 1 supplier, which could make it more difficult for such company’s competitors to win the designs for other production models. If we fail to win a significant number of OEM design competitions in the future, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Further, we are subject to the risk that an OEM or supplier customer cancels or postpones implementation of our technologies, as well as that we will not be able to implement our technologies successfully. Further, our sales could be less than forecast if the end product is unsuccessful, including reasons unrelated to our technologies. Long development cycles and product cancellations or postponements may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Failure to make competitive technological advances will put us at a disadvantage and may lead to a negative operational and financial outcome.

Continuing technological changes in the market for our light and vision control products could make our products less competitive or obsolete, either generally or for particular applications. Our future success will depend upon our ability to develop and introduce a variety of new capabilities and enhancements to our existing product and service offerings, as well as introduce a variety of new product offerings, to address the changing needs of the markets in which it offers products. Delays in introducing new light and vision control products and enhancements, the failure to choose correctly among technical alternatives or the failure to offer innovative products

or enhancements at competitive prices may cause existing and potential customers to purchase our competitors’ products. If we are unable to devote adequate resources to develop new products or cannot otherwise successfully develop new products or enhancements that meet customer requirements on a timely basis, our products may no longer be as marketable as compared to competitors and we could lose a substantial portion of our market share in those products, resulting in a potential decline in our revenue and greater operating losses.

In addition, research and development activities are inherently uncertain, and as such, we might encounter practical difficulties in commercializing our research and development results, which could result in excessive research and development expenses or delays. If we are unable to keep up with technological developments in the industry and anticipate market trends, or if new technologies render our technologies or solutions obsolete, customers may no longer be attracted to our products. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

We are an early growth stage company with a history of losses and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred net losses since our inception in 2009. We have incurred an accumulated deficit of approximately $171.8 million as of December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2023, we had net losses of $37.9 million and $79.3 million, respectively, and for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we had net losses of $13.2 million and $18.5 million, respectively.

We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to develop our light and vision control technologies. We have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of equity and debt securities as well as loans. We do not expect to be profitable for the foreseeable future as we invest in our business, build capacity and ramp up operations, and we cannot assure you that we will ever achieve or be able to maintain profitability in the future. Failure to become profitable would materially and adversely affect the value of your investment. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of penetration in the markets we are targeting, the rate of our future expenditures and our continued ability to obtain funding through the issuance of our securities, strategic collaborations or grants. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

•        continue the development of our products for a wider portfolio of products;

•        establish a sales, marketing, distribution and technical support infrastructure to support the ramp up of our operations;

•        seek to identify, assess, acquire, license, and/or develop other light and vision control technologies and products and subsequent generations of our current product line;

•        seek to maintain, protect, and expand our intellectual property portfolio;

•        seek to attract and retain skilled personnel; and

•        create additional infrastructure to support our operations as a public company and our product development.

Our operating results and financial condition have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate in the future.

Even if we are successful in expanding the adoption of our light and vision control products, our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year and are likely to continue to vary due to several factors, many of which will not be within our control. If our operating results do not meet the guidance that we may provide to the marketplace or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the market price of the ordinary shares will likely decline. Additionally, it is and may be difficult for us to project our operating results on both a quarterly and annual basis due to several factors, many of which are not and will not be within our control. Fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition may be due to several factors, including those listed below and those identified throughout this “Risk Factors” section:

•        the degree of market penetration of our light and vision control products and services;

•        the mix of products and services that we sell during any period;

•        long sale cycles;

•        changes in the amount that we spend to develop, acquire or license new products, technologies or businesses;

•        changes in the amounts that we spend to promote our products and services;

•        changes in the cost of satisfying our warranty obligations and servicing our installed base of systems;

•        delays between our expenditures to develop and market new or enhanced products and the generation of sales from those products;

•        development of new competitive products and services by others;

•        difficulty in predicting sales patterns and reorder rates that may result from a multi-tier distribution strategy associated with new product categories;

•        litigation or threats of litigation, including intellectual property claims by third parties;

•        changes in accounting rules and tax laws;

•        changes in regulations and standards;

•        the geographic distribution of our sales;

•        our responses to price competition;

•        general economic and industry conditions that affect end-user demand and end-user levels of product design and manufacturing;

•        changes in interest rates that affect returns on our cash balances and short-term investments;

•        changes in foreign currency exchange rates that affect the value of our net assets, future revenues, and expenditures from and/or relating to our activities carried out in those currencies; and

•        the level of research and development activities by us.

Due to all of the foregoing factors, and the other risks discussed herein, you should not rely on quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results as an indicator of our future performance.

We are exposed to high repair and replacement costs.

We are responsible for repair and replacement costs of defective products we supply to our customers. Certain of our products, such as building facades and glass panoramic rooftops of passenger cars, typically have a higher unit and labor service cost in the event of replacement. Our OEM customers as well as government regulators have the ability to initiate recalls of safety products, which also place us at risk for the administrative costs of the recall, even in situations where we dispute the need for a recall or the responsibility for any alleged defect. An increase in the number of repair and replacement claims could lead to higher self-insured retentions and reduced insurance coverage limits. The obligation to repair or replace defective products could have a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability. To the extent such obligation arises as a result of a product recall, we may face reputational damage, and the combination of administrative and product replacement costs could have a material adverse effect on our profitability. See also “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Regulations — Our business could be adversely affected if we fail to maintain product quality and product performance at an acceptable cost or if we incur significant losses, increased costs or harm to our reputation or brand as a result of product liability claims or product recalls.”

We may not be able to accurately estimate the future supply and demand for our light and vision control products, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in our business and hinder our ability to generate revenue. If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements, we could incur additional costs or experience delays.

It is difficult to predict our future revenue and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we may have limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. We anticipate being required to provide forecasts of our demand to our current and future suppliers prior to the scheduled delivery of products to potential customers. If we overestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have excess inventory, which indirectly would increase our

costs. If we underestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of our products and result in delays in shipments and revenue. In addition, lead times for materials and components that our suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each component at a given time. If we fail to order sufficient quantities of product components in a timely manner, the delivery of our products to our potential customers could be delayed, which would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

The estimates and forecasts of market opportunity and market growth included in this prospectus may prove to be inaccurate, and we cannot assure you our business will grow at similar rates, or at all.

The estimates and forecasts of market size and opportunity and of market growth are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates that may not prove to be accurate. The estimates and forecasts in this prospectus of the size of the markets that we may be able to address and the growth in these markets are subject to many assumptions and may prove to be inaccurate. Further, we may not be able to address fully the markets that we believe we can address, and we cannot be sure that these markets will grow at historical rates or the rates we expect for the future. Even if we are able to address the markets that we believe represent our market opportunity and even if these markets experience the growth we expect, we may not grow our business at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject to many risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, the estimates and forecasts of market size and opportunity and of market growth included in this prospectus may not be indicative of our future growth.

We may be unable to adequately control the capital expenditures and costs associated with our business and operations.

We have required significant capital to develop and grow our brand and suite of products. We expect to make additional capital expenditures and incur substantial costs in connection therewith, which could include, but is not limited to, costs associated with scaling up our operations as we grow, costs associated with identifying and committing resources to investigate new areas of demand, cost associated with research and development, and costs associated with being a public company in the United States. Our ability to become profitable in the future will not only depend on our ability to expand our market penetration in the markets we are targeting but also to control our capital expenditures and costs. As we expand our product offering and customer base, we will need to manage costs effectively to sell those products at our expected margins. If we are unable to cost efficiently design, manufacture, market, sell and distribute and service our light and vision control products, our business prospects, our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows would be materially adversely affected.

We may need to raise additional capital before we can expect to become profitable from sales of our light and vision control products. This additional capital may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain this necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product development efforts or other operations.

Based on our current business plan, we believe our current cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flow from operations, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements over at least the next 12 months from the date of this prospectus. Even after completion of this offering, we may need to raise additional capital before we can expect to become profitable from sales of our light and vision control products and may raise additional capital to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities or for other reasons. In addition, our operating plans may change as a result of many factors that may currently be unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our shareholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline. The incurrence of further indebtedness could result in increased fixed payment obligations, and we may be required to agree to additional restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable, and we may be required to relinquish

rights to some of our technologies or products or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. Even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of our products or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry and prevent us from meeting our financial obligations.

In November 2023, we entered into a note purchase agreement pursuant to which a credit facility was extended to Vision Lite in an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million that may be utilized and drawn down by way of issuance and sale of senior secured notes by the issuer to the note purchaser. As of the date of this prospectus, $25.0 million of the commitment has been utilized and drawn down. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Indebtedness — November 2023 Note Purchase Agreement” for more information.

In addition, the note purchase agreement contains restrictive covenants that limit our ability to engage in activities that may be in our long-term best interest. For example, under the note purchase agreement, we are required to maintain an unrestricted cash balance of at least $1.5 million, and are subject to limitations on incurrence of additional financial indebtedness and granting of liens, subject to certain customary exceptions, as well as other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Our failure to comply with those covenants could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of the note purchase agreement, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Indebtedness — November 2023 Note Purchase Agreement” for more information.

In January 2024, we entered into a note purchase agreement pursuant to which the note purchasers thereunder extended financing to Vision Lite in the principal amount of $23.5 million that may be utilized and drawn down by way of issuance and sale of senior secured notes by Vision Lite to the note purchasers. In addition, in January 2024, we amended the note purchase agreement pursuant to which the note purchasers made available to us an additional commitment in the principal amount of up to $2.5 million that may be utilized and drawn down by way of issuance and sale of additional senior secured notes by Vision Lite to the note purchasers. In April 2024, the $2.5 million additional commitment has been utilized by way of issuance and sale of additional senior secured notes by Vision Lite to the note purchasers. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Indebtedness — OIC 2024 Note Purchase Agreement” for more information.

If we cannot generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our debt, we may need to further refinance our debt, dispose of assets or issue equity to obtain necessary funds. We do not know whether we will be able to do any of this on a timely basis, on terms satisfactory to us, or at all. Our indebtedness could have material consequences, including:

•        making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to other debt we have or may incur in the future;

•        limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements;

•        requiring us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

•        increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

•        limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industry in which we compete;

•        placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors; and

•        increasing our cost of borrowing.

Shortages in supply, price increases or deviations in the quality of the raw materials used to manufacture our products could adversely affect our sales and operating results.

Our contracts with key suppliers are typically short term in nature, with terms generally ranging from several months to years. While we do not rely on any single supplier for the majority of our raw materials, we do obtain certain raw materials from a single or limited number of suppliers. If one or more suppliers were unable to satisfy our requirements for particular raw materials, we believe alternative sources of supply would be available. However, we could experience a disruption to our operations as alternative suppliers are identified and qualified and new supply arrangements are entered into, especially with respect to our light and vision control products, and we cannot be sure we will be able to identify alternative sources of supply rapidly, without incurring significant costs or at all. In addition, in some of our markets, such as aeronautics, materials and suppliers are preapproved by our clients, which may make it more difficult and costly to identify alternative sources of supplies.

In the event of an industry-wide general shortage of our raw materials, a shortage affecting or causing a discontinuation in providing any such raw materials by one or more of our suppliers or a supplier’s declaration of force majeure, we may not be able to arrange for alternative sources of such materials on a timely basis or on equally favorable terms. As we increase our use of such materials and introduce new materials into our manufacturing processes, we may be unable to obtain adequate quantities of such new raw materials in a timely manner. Any such shortage may materially adversely affect our production process as well as our competitive position as compared to companies that are able to source their raw materials more reliably or at lower cost.

In addition, significant increases in the cost of the raw materials used to manufacture our products could adversely affect our operating results. The cost of some of the raw materials we use in the manufacture of our products is subject to significant price volatility. Additionally, increased costs in energy could result in higher transportation, freight and other operating costs. We have not entered into hedges of our raw material costs, and our supply contracts with our major vendors do not contain obligations to sell raw materials to us at a fixed price. Accordingly, we are exposed to the risk of increases in the market prices of raw materials used in the manufacture of our products.

Our results of operations have been affected in the past by changes in the cost of resins, and we expect that our results of operations in the future will continue to be affected by changes in resin costs. In the event of an increase in the cost of resins or other raw materials, we may not be able to recover the increases through corresponding increases in the prices of our products. Even if we are able to increase prices over time, we may not be able to increase prices as rapidly as the increase in our costs. If we are unable to increase our prices or experience a delay in our ability to increase our prices or to recover such increases in our costs, our gross profit will suffer. In addition, increases in the price of our products to compensate for increased costs of raw materials may reduce demand for our products and adversely affect our competitive position as compared to products made of other materials, such as wood and metal, that are not affected by changes in the price of resins and some of the other raw materials that we use in the manufacture of our products.

We are dependent upon the ability of our suppliers to consistently provide raw materials that meet our specifications, quality standards and other applicable criteria. Our suppliers’ failure to provide raw materials that meet such criteria could adversely affect production schedules and our product quality, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any significant disruption to our production lines or the failure of our facilities to operate according to our expectations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

With respect to the manufacturing of our LC, SPD and composite, we rely on production lines in our five main facilities. We currently manufacture our light and vision control products at four different sites, which include our facilities in Israel, Germany, France, and Florida, and we generally do not have redundant production capabilities that would enable us to shift production of a particular product rapidly to another facility in the event of a loss of one of or a portion of one of our manufacturing facilities. A catastrophic loss of the use of one or more of our manufacturing facilities due to pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, accident, fire, explosion, labor issues, tornado, other weather conditions, natural disasters, condemnation, cancellation or non-renewals of leases, terrorist attacks or other acts of violence or war or otherwise could have a material adverse effect on our production capabilities. Any stoppages, malfunction, or destruction of our operational lines could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand or manufacture our products. In addition, we may experience delays in realizing our cost targets in the event that there is an increase in the costs of maintenance of the equipment, machinery and facility used in production. Operational

problems with our manufacturing equipment could result in the personal injury to or death of workers, the loss of production equipment, damage to manufacturing facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production. Although safety incidents have not materially impacted our operations or financial conditions to date, such safety incidents, which we have experienced from time to time, could damage machinery or product, slow or stop production, or harm employees and may also lead to potential claims. In addition, operational problems may result in environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities. All of these operational problems could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to protect against the potential hazards incident to our business.

We maintain property, product liability, and casualty insurance coverage, but such insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential claims, including losses resulting from interruptions in our production capability, product liability claims relating to the products we manufacture or claims relating to safety incidents. Consistent with market conditions in the insurance industry, premiums and deductibles for some of our insurance policies have been increasing and may, in the future, increase substantially. In some instances, some types of insurance may become available only for reduced amounts of coverage, if at all. In addition, our insurers could deny coverage for claims. If we were to incur a significant liability for which we were not fully insured or that our insurers disputed, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

While providing certain enhancements to safety features and other advanced benefits, our cameras in ADAS have inherent limitations and may suffer from technical failures.

While we believe that combining cameras with video displays provides a more robust product by addressing all driving conditions in a single solution that can be controlled by the vehicles’ cameras, when used as the primary rear vision delivery mechanism, this product has some inherent limitations such as: (i) the inherent likelihood of electrical failure, (ii) cameras being blocked or obstructed by surrounding objects as well as camera angle limitations and (iii) depth perception limitations. Operational problems with our ADAS system could result in the personal injury to or death of a driver, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

Our future growth and success is highly dependent upon large-scale adoption of our light and vision control products in the markets we compete.

While we have established ourselves as a leading light and vision control technologies company in the markets that we compete, namely the automotive, transportation, architecture and aeronautic markets, our future growth depends upon large-scale adoption of our light and vision control products. Although we anticipate continued market penetration for our light and vision control products, there is no guarantee of such future demand, or that our products will remain competitive in the market. If the market for our light and vision control products does not develop as we expect, or develops more slowly than we expect, or if demand for our products decreases in our markets, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. The market for our products could be affected by numerous factors, such as:

•        perceptions about our light and vision control products’ features, quality, safety, performance and cost;

•        competition, including from other types of light and vision control technologies;

•        the cost premium of light and vision control technologies;

•        government regulations and economic incentives; and

•        our ability to scale up our operations to meet anticipated demand.

We rely on complex machinery for our operations.

We rely heavily on complex machinery for our operations and the production of our products, which may occasionally suffer unexpected malfunctions and require repairs and spare parts to resume operations. The spare parts required in repairing may not be available when needed. Unexpected malfunctions of our production equipment may significantly affect intended operational efficiency. In addition, the operational performance and costs

associated with this equipment can be difficult to predict and may be influenced by factors outside of our control, such as, but not limited to, raw material cost increases of materials used in the manufacturing of our machinery components and/or failure by suppliers to deliver necessary machinery components in a timely manner and at prices and volumes acceptable to us, which could have a material adverse effect on our operational performance, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

If our OEM customers are unable to maintain and increase consumer acceptance of ADAS technologies, our business, results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Our future operating results will depend on the ability of OEMs to maintain and increase consumer acceptance of ADAS, generally, and of our camera-based technologies, specifically. There is no assurance that OEMs can achieve these objectives. Market acceptance of ADAS and our camera-based technology depends upon many factors, including regulatory requirements, evolving safety standards, cost and driver preferences. Market acceptance of our products also depends on the ability of market participants, including us, to resolve technical challenges for increasingly complex ADAS in a timely and cost-effective manner. Consumers will also need to be made aware of the advantages of our camera-based ADAS compared to competing technologies. If consumer acceptance of ADAS technologies in the OEM market does not increase, sales may be adversely affected and we could experience a decline in revenue.

We face competition and our failure to compete successfully in product development may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our industry is competitive and most of our product lines compete against products manufactured by competitors. We encounter competition from numerous and varied competitors in all areas of our business. Further, our products compete not only with similar products manufactured by our competitors, but also against a variety of other alternatives provided by our competitors. Industry consolidation may result in larger, more homogeneous, and potentially stronger competitors in the markets in which we compete.

We compete primarily on the basis of product range, product features, industry certifications, reliability, brand, reputation, and service and support. We believe we have a competitive advantage as the sole company developing and marketing multiple smart glass technologies, providing the most comprehensive solutions as well as superior products for light and vision control systems across a broad range of markets, applications and geographies. However, we expect our competitors to continue to develop and introduce new products and to enhance their existing products, which could cause a decline in market acceptance of our products. Our competitors may also improve their manufacturing processes or expand their manufacturing capacity, which could make it more difficult or expensive for us to compete successfully. In addition, our competitors could enter into exclusive arrangements with our existing or potential customers or suppliers, which could limit our ability, or make it significantly more expensive, to acquire necessary raw materials or to generate sales.

Some of our competitors may have greater financial, technical, and marketing resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to promoting and selling their products. Unlike many of our competitors who specialize in a single or limited number of product lines, we have a portfolio of product lines and must allocate resources across those businesses. As a result, we may invest less in certain areas of our business than our competitors invest in competing businesses, and our competitors may therefore have greater financial, technical, and marketing resources available to them with respect to those businesses.

Some of our competitors may also incur fewer expenses than we do in creating, marketing, and selling certain products and may face fewer risks in introducing new products to the market. This circumstance results from the nature of our business model, which is based on providing innovative and high-quality light and vision control products and therefore may require that we spend a proportionately greater amount on research and development than some of our competitors. If our pricing and other factors are not sufficiently competitive, or if there is an adverse reaction to our product decisions, we may lose market share in certain areas, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Additionally, our competitors could benefit from favorable tax regimes or additional governmental grants and subsidies. Certain of our competitors in various countries in which we do business, including China, may be owned by or affiliated with members of local governments and political entities. These competitors may receive special treatment with respect to regulatory compliance and product registration, while certain of our products, including those based on new technologies, may be delayed or even prevented from entering into the local market. Further,

because many of our competitors are small divisions of large, international businesses, these competitors may have access to greater resources than we do and may therefore be better able to withstand a change in conditions within our industry and throughout the economy as a whole.

Acquisitions or joint ventures we have completed or that we may pursue in the future may be unsuccessful and could require significant management attention, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value, and adversely affect our results of operations.

We have previously and may in the future, as part of our business strategy, acquire businesses that complement or expand our existing business as part of our ongoing growth strategy. We cannot assure you that we will be able to consummate any such acquisitions or joint ventures or that any future acquisitions or joint ventures will be able to be consummated at acceptable prices and on acceptable terms.

Integrating any strategic transactions into our existing business may create unforeseen operating difficulties and costs, which may be further exacerbated by several factors and events beyond our control. For example, in January 2022, we completed the acquisition of Vision Lite and its related subsidiaries. This acquisition included, among other things, the integration of new employees, additional production facilities and lines, new customers, and new technology research and development across different geographies. In addition, in February 2023, we acquired Resonac’s (formerly Hitachi Chemical) full SPD intellectual property portfolio, which included obtaining and learning the know-how with respect to Resonac’s technical and business information related to such acquired patents. During our business harmonization efforts, we have encountered the expected challenges of combining distinct business practices and processes.

Any future acquisitions or joint ventures we pursue may involve a number of risks, including some or all of the following:

•        difficulty in identifying acceptable acquisition candidates;

•        the inability to consummate acquisitions or joint ventures on favorable terms, if at all, and to obtain adequate financing, which financing may not be available to us at times, in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all;

•        the diversion of management’s attention from our core businesses;

•        the disruption of our ongoing business;

•        entry into markets in which we have limited or no experience;

•        the inability to integrate our acquisitions or enter into joint ventures without substantial costs, delays or other problems;

•        if a future acquisition is completed, we may not ultimately strengthen our competitive position or achieve our goals and business strategy;

•        we may be subject to claims or liabilities assumed from an acquired company, product, or technology;

•        unexpected liabilities for which we may not be adequately indemnified;

•        inability to enforce indemnification and non-compete agreements;

•        failing to successfully incorporate acquired product lines or brands into our business;

•        the failure of the acquired business or joint venture to perform as well as anticipated;

•        the failure to realize expected synergies and cost savings;

•        any acquisitions we complete could be viewed negatively by our customers, investors, and securities analysts, and could lead to the loss of key employees or customers of the acquired business or of our own;

•        increasing demands on our operational systems and the potential inability to implement adequate internal controls covering an acquired business or joint venture;

•        any requirement that we make divestitures of operations or property in order to comply with applicable antitrust laws;

•        possible adverse effects on our reported operating results, particularly during the first several reporting periods after the acquisition is completed; and

•        impairment of goodwill relating to an acquired business, which could reduce reported income.

Any of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, acquisitions or joint ventures could result in significant increases in our outstanding indebtedness and debt service requirements or could involve the issuance of securities that would be dilutive to existing shareholders. Incurring additional debt to fund an acquisition may result in higher debt service and a requirement to comply with additional financial and other covenants, including potential restrictions on future acquisitions and distributions. Funding an acquisition with our existing cash would reduce our liquidity. The terms of our existing and future debt agreements and our market capitalization may limit the size and/or number of acquisitions we can pursue or our ability to enter into a joint venture.

Our inability to retain members of our senior management could impair the future success of the Company.

Our future success depends substantially on the continued services of our executive officers and certain other key employees, including, but not limited to, Eyal Peso, our Chief Executive Officer, Adrian Lofer, our Chief Technology Officer, and Meir Peleg, our Chief Financial Officer. If one or more of our executive officers were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we might not be able to replace them easily or at all. In addition, if any of our executive officers joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose experience, know-how, key professionals and staff members as well as business partners. These executive officers could develop light and vision control technologies that could compete with and take customers and market share away from us. Should we lose the services of any member of our senior management team or key personnel, replacing such personnel could involve a prolonged search and divert management time and attention and we may not be able to locate and hire a qualified replacement. We do not carry key-man insurance to mitigate the financial effect of losing the services of any member of our management team.

If we fail to scale our business operations or otherwise manage our future growth effectively as we attempt to grow our company, we may not be able to produce, market, service and sell our light and vision control products successfully.

We intend to expand our operations significantly, which will require hiring, retaining and training new personnel, controlling expenses, expanding existing production facilities and establishing new facilities, and implementing administrative infrastructure, systems, and processes. Our future operating results depend to a large extent on our ability to manage this expansion and growth successfully. Failure to expand operational and financial systems in a timely or efficient manner may result in operating inefficiencies, which could increase costs and expenses to a greater extent than we anticipate and may also prevent us from successfully executing our business plan. We may not be able to offset the costs of operation expansion by leveraging the economies of scale from our growth in negotiations with our suppliers and contract manufacturers. Additionally, if we increase our operating expenses in anticipation of the growth of our business and this growth falls short of our expectations, our financial results will be materially adversely impacted.

If our business grows, we will have to manage additional product design projects, materials procurement processes, and sales and marketing efforts for an increasing number of products, as well as expand the number and scope of our relationships with suppliers, distributors and end customers. If we fail to manage these additional responsibilities and relationships successfully, we may incur significant costs, which may materially adversely impact our operating results. Additionally, in our efforts to be first to market with new products with innovative functionality and features, we may devote research and development resources to products and product features for which a market does not develop quickly, or at all. If we are not able to predict market trends accurately, we may not benefit from such research and development activities, and our results of operations may suffer.

As our future development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial and legal personnel. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to manage these growth activities. In particular, a period of significant growth in the number of personnel

could place a strain upon our management systems and resources. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, failure to deliver or timely deliver our products to customers, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional new products.

Our future will depend in part on the ability of our officers and other key employees to implement and improve financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures on a timely basis and to expand, train, motivate and manage our workforce. Our current and planned personnel, systems, procedures and controls may be inadequate to support our future operations. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

Furthermore, we have no experience to date in high-volume manufacturing of our products and we cannot assure that we will be able to develop efficient, automated, low-cost manufacturing capabilities and processes, and reliable sources of component supply, that will enable us to meet the quality, price, engineering, design and production standards, as well as the production volumes, required to successfully market our light and vision control products as our operations expand. Any failure to effectively manage our growth could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

The loss of certain customers could adversely affect our overall sales and profitability.

The loss of several of our most significant customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations for the affected earnings periods. For the year ended December 31, 2023, our top ten customers represented approximately 48.8% of our revenue, although no single customer represented more than 9.3% of our revenue. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our top ten customers represented approximately 52.4% of our revenue, although no single customer represented more than 9.7% of our revenue. Loss of any such customer or any disruption in our relationship with such customers, could result in a reduction of revenue generated by such customers. If we are unable to replace revenue generated by one or more of our major customers, our revenue may significantly decrease which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Increases in labor costs, potential labor disputes and work stoppages or an inability to hire skilled manufacturing, sales and other personnel could adversely affect our business.

An increase in labor costs, work stoppages or disruptions at our facilities or those of our suppliers, or other labor disruptions, could materially adversely affect our manufacturing capabilities and/or increase our expenses. In addition, in locations where our employees are not represented by a union, our labor force may become subject to labor union organizing efforts, which could cause us to incur additional labor costs and increase the related risks that we now face.

In France, where our employees are generally represented by a union, although we believe that our relations with the labor union are good, no assurances can be made that we will not experience conflicts with the labor union, other groups representing employees, or our employees in general, especially in the context of any future negotiations with the labor union. We can also make no assurance that future negotiations with the labor union will not result in a significant increase in our cost of labor.

We may suffer a significant loss resulting from fraud, bribery, corruption, other illegal acts, inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, or from external events.

We may suffer a significant loss resulting from fraud, bribery, corruption, other illegal acts, inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, or from external events, such as the occurrence of disasters or security threats affecting our ability to operate. We operate in different markets and rely on our employees to follow our policies and processes as well as applicable laws in their activities. Risk of illegal acts or failed systems is managed through our infrastructure, controls, systems and people, complemented by central groups focusing on enterprise-wide management of specific operational risks such as fraud, trading, outsourcing and business disruption, as well as personnel and systems risks. Specific programs, policies, standards and methodologies have been developed to support the management of these risks. These risks can result in direct or indirect financial loss, reputational impact or regulatory censure.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by disruptions in the global economy caused by the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

The global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Furthermore, governments in the United States, United Kingdom, European Union and Australia, among others, have each imposed export controls on certain products and/or financial and economic sanctions relating to Russia, including on certain industry sectors and parties in Russia. Although we have no operations in Russia or Ukraine, we believe some shortages in materials, increased costs for raw material and other supply chain issues are at least partially attributable to the negative impact of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict on the global economy. Further escalation of geopolitical tensions related to the military conflict, including increased trade barriers or restrictions on global trade, could result in, among other things, cyberattacks, additional supply disruptions, lower consumer demand and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect our business and supply chain. In addition, the effects of the ongoing conflict could heighten many of our known risks described herein under “Risk Factors.”

Our international operations will expose us to additional market and operational risks, and failure to manage these risks may adversely affect our business and operating results.

We expect to continue to derive a substantial percentage of our sales from international markets. Accordingly, we face significant operational risks from doing business internationally, including:

•        fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

•        potentially longer sales and payment cycles;

•        potentially greater difficulties in collecting accounts receivable;

•        potentially adverse tax consequences;

•        reduced protection of intellectual property rights in certain countries, particularly in Asia and South America;

•        difficulties in staffing and managing foreign operations, including cultural differences between countries and language barriers;

•        laws and business practices favoring local competition;

•        costs and difficulties of customizing products for foreign countries;

•        compliance with a wide variety of complex foreign laws, treaties and regulations;

•        a worldwide health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, which may cause us, third-party vendors and manufacturers and/or customers to temporarily suspend our or their respective operations in the affected city or country;

•        tariffs, trade barriers and other regulatory or contractual limitations on our ability to sell or develop our products in certain foreign markets; and

•        being subject to the laws, regulations and the court systems of many jurisdictions.

Further, international trade conflicts could have negative consequences on the demand for our products and services outside Israel. Other risks of doing business internationally include political and economic instability in the countries of our customers and suppliers, changes in diplomatic and trade relationships and increasing instances of terrorism worldwide. Some of these risks may be affected by Israel’s overall political situation. See “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Incorporation, Location and Operations in Israel” for further information.

Our failure to manage the market and operational risks associated with our international operations effectively could limit the future growth of our business and materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Adverse conditions in the automotive, transportation, architecture and aeronautics markets or the global economy more generally could have adverse effects on our results of operations.

While we make strategic planning decisions based on the assumption that the automotive, transportation, architecture and aeronautics markets that we are targeting will grow, our business is dependent, in large part on, and directly affected by, business cycles and other factors affecting the global automotive, transportation, architecture and aeronautics markets and the global economy generally. Automotive, transportation and aeronautics production and construction are highly cyclical and depend on general economic conditions and other factors, including consumer spending and preferences, changes in interest rates and credit availability, consumer confidence, fuel costs, fuel availability, environmental impact, governmental incentives and regulatory requirements, and political volatility, especially in energy-producing countries and growth markets. In addition, production and sales can be affected by our OEM and Tier 1 customers’ ability to continue operating in response to challenging economic conditions and in response to labor relations issues, regulatory requirements, trade agreements and other factors. For example, the volume of automotive production in North America, Europe and the rest of the world has fluctuated due to fluctuations in gas and oil prices, government regulation related to fuel emissions, and tariffs related to automotive materials and parts, among other things, sometimes significantly, from year to year, and we expect such fluctuations to give rise to fluctuations in the demand for our products. Any significant adverse change in any of these factors may result in a reduction in sales of our vision and light control products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

General macro-economic conditions, such as a rise in interest rates, inflation in the cost of goods and services including labor, a recession or an economic slowdown in the United States or internationally, including as a result of continuing uncertainty from any resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic or any of its variants, the ongoing Russia-Ukraine military conflict or ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, could adversely affect demand for our vision and light products and make it difficult to accurately forecast and plan our future business activities.

Global markets have recently been experiencing volatility and disruption due to new interest rate and inflation increases as well as the continued escalation of geopolitical tensions. For example, inflation in the United States began to rise in the second half of 2021 and continued to rise during 2022. Although our business has not yet been materially negatively impacted by such inflationary pressures, we cannot be certain that neither we nor our customers will be materially impacted by continued pressures. We may find that we need to give higher than normal raises to employees, start new employees at higher wage and/or benefit rates, but not be able to price the higher costs through to customers. In addition, further increases in interest rates would require us to comply with more onerous covenants under our debt facilities, which could further restrict our operations and impact directly our operating income. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our indebtedness, we will be in default and, as a result, our debt holders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable, and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

If our estimates, judgments or assumptions relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect or financial reporting standards or interpretations change, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates and assumptions on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of certain assets, liabilities and equity, and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes include those related to the fair value of financial instruments and share-based compensation. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of industry or financial analysts, which may result in a decline in the trading price of our ordinary shares.

Additionally, as a result of new financial reporting standards, or changes and challenges to existing financial reporting standards or their interpretation, we might be required to change our accounting policies, alter our operational policies or implement new or enhance existing systems so that they reflect new or amended financial reporting standards, or we may be required to restate our published financial statements. Such changes or challenges to existing standards or in their interpretation may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be required to record an impairment charge on our accounts receivable if we are unable to collect the outstanding balances from our customers.

We frequently sell products to customers on credit. We estimate the collectability of our accounts receivable based on our analysis of the accounts receivable, historical bad debts, customer creditworthiness, and current economic trends. We continuously monitor collections from our customers and maintain adequate impairment allowance for doubtful accounts. However, if the bad debts significantly exceed our impairment allowance, we may be required to record an impairment charge and our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our business, operating results and growth rates may be adversely affected by current or future unfavorable economic and market conditions and adverse developments with respect to financial institutions and associated liquidity risk.

Our business depends on the economic health of the global economies. If the conditions in the global economies remain uncertain or continue to be volatile, or if they deteriorate, including as a result of the impact of military conflict, such as the war between Russia and Ukraine, ongoing conflict in the Middle East between Israel and Hamas, terrorism or other geopolitical events, our business, operating results and financial condition may be materially adversely affected. Economic weakness, inflation and increases in interest rates, limited availability of credit, liquidity shortages and constrained capital spending have at times in the past resulted, and may in the future result, in challenging and delayed sales cycles, slower adoption of new technologies and increased price competition, and could negatively affect our ability to forecast future periods, which could result in an inability to satisfy demand for our products and a loss of market share.

In addition, increases in inflation raise our costs for commodities, labor, materials and services and other costs required to grow and operate our business, and failure to secure these on reasonable terms may adversely impact our financial condition. Additionally, increases in inflation, geopolitical developments and global supply chain disruptions, have caused, and may in the future cause, global economic uncertainty and uncertainty about the interest rate environment, which may make it more difficult, costly or dilutive for us to secure additional financing. A failure to adequately respond to these risks could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

For example, in March 2023, Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank were placed into receivership with the FDIC, which created bank-specific and broader financial institution liquidity risk and concerns. Although the Department of the Treasury, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC jointly released a statement that depositors at Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank would have access to their funds, even those in excess of the standard FDIC insurance limits, under a systemic risk exception, future adverse developments with respect to specific financial institutions or the broader financial services industry may lead to market-wide liquidity shortages, impair the ability of companies to access near-term working capital needs and create additional market and economic uncertainty. There can be no assurance that future credit and financial market instability and a deterioration in confidence in economic conditions will not occur. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturn, liquidity shortages, volatile business environment or continued unpredictable and unstable market conditions. If the current equity and credit markets deteriorate, or if adverse developments are experienced by financial institutions, it may cause short-term liquidity risk and also make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult, more costly, more onerous with respect to financial and operating covenants and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance and price of our ordinary shares and could require us to alter our operating plans. In addition, there is a risk that one or more of our service providers, financial institutions, manufacturers, suppliers and other partners may be adversely affected by the foregoing risks, which could directly affect our ability to attain our operating goals on schedule and on budget.

Increasing scrutiny of, and evolving expectations for, sustainability and environmental, social, and governance, or ESG, initiatives could increase our costs or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Public companies are facing increasing scrutiny related to ESG practices and disclosures from certain investors, capital providers, shareholder advocacy groups, other market participants and other stakeholder groups. With this increased focus, public reporting regarding ESG practices is becoming more broadly expected. Such increased scrutiny may result in increased costs, enhanced compliance or disclosure obligations, or other adverse

impacts on our business, financial condition or results of operations. If our ESG practices and reporting do not meet investor or other stakeholder expectations, which continue to evolve, we may be subject to investor or regulator engagement regarding such matters. In addition, new sustainability rules and regulations have been adopted and may continue to be introduced in various states and other jurisdictions. For example, in March 2024 the SEC adopted rules that require companies to provide expanded climate-related disclosures in their periodic reporting. The SEC’s climate disclosure rules, if they withstand litigation challenges, would require us to incur significant additional costs to comply and impose increased oversight obligations on our management and board of directors. Our failure to comply with any applicable rules or regulations could lead to penalties and adversely impact our reputation, access to capital and employee retention. Such ESG matters may also impact our third-party contract manufacturers and other third parties on which we rely, which may augment or cause additional adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Risks Related to Regulations

Our business could be adversely affected if we fail to maintain product quality and product performance at an acceptable cost or if we incur significant losses, increased costs or harm to our reputation or brand as a result of product liability claims or product recalls.

In order to maintain and increase our net sales and reach and sustain profitable operations we must produce high-quality products on a large-scale basis at acceptable manufacturing costs and yields. If we are unable to maintain the quality and performance of our light and vision control products at acceptable costs, our brand, the market acceptance of our products and our results of operations would suffer. As we regularly modify our product lines and introduce changes to our manufacturing processes or incorporate new raw materials, we may encounter unanticipated issues with product quality or production delays. Regulatory, safety, or reliability developments, many of which are outside of our control, could also cause delays or otherwise impair commercial adoption, which will adversely affect our growth. While we engage in product testing in an effort to identify and address any product quality issues before we introduce products to market, unanticipated product quality or performance issues may be identified after a product has been introduced and sold.

In addition, we face the risk of exposure to product liability or other claims, including class action lawsuits, in the event our products are, or are alleged to be, defective or have resulted in harm to persons or to property. We may in the future incur significant liabilities if product liability lawsuits against us are successful. We may also have to recall and/or replace defective products, which would also result in adverse publicity and loss of sales, and would result in us incurring costs connected with the recall, which could be material. Any losses not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Real or perceived quality issues, including those arising in connection with product liability lawsuits, warranty claims or recalls, could also result in adverse publicity, which could harm our brand and reputation and cause our sales to decline rapidly. In addition, any such issues may be seized on by competitors in efforts to increase their market share.

We are subject to, and must remain in compliance with, numerous laws and governmental regulations across various countries concerning the manufacturing, use, distribution and sale of our light and vision control products. Some of our customers also require that we comply with other unique requirements relating to these matters.

We manufacture and sell light and vision control products that contain electronic components, and such components may contain materials that are subject to government regulation in both the locations where we develop, manufacture and assemble our products, as well as the locations where we sell our products. Among other things, certain applicable laws and regulations require or may in the future require the submission of annual reports to certain governmental agencies certifying that such products comply with applicable performance standards, the maintenance of manufacturing, testing, and distribution records, and the reporting of certain product defects to such regulatory agency or consumers. If our products fail to comply with applicable regulations, we and/or our products could be subjected to a variety of enforcement actions or sanctions, such as product recalls, repairs or replacements, warning letters, untitled letters, safety alerts, injunctions, import alerts, administrative product detentions or seizures, or civil penalties. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Since we operate on a global basis, we must continually monitor applicable laws and regulations, and engage in an ongoing compliance process to ensure that we and our suppliers are in compliance with all existing laws and regulations. If there is an unanticipated or onerous new legislation or regulation that significantly impacts our use of various components or requires more expensive components, such legislation or regulation could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Since certain of our light and vision control products are used in ADAS, they are subject to complicated and rapidly evolving laws and regulatory schemes that vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction at the state, federal and international levels, including requirements related to safety, data privacy and security, and product liability, among other areas. These are rapidly evolving areas in which new or changed requirements could impose limitations on the use of our products. If we fail to adhere to these new laws and regulations or fail to continually monitor emerging developments, we may be subject to litigation, loss of customers or negative publicity and our business, results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected. We are unable to predict how any future changes will impact us and if such impacts will be material to our business.

In addition, some of our customers may require that we comply with unique requirements specific to their operations. For example, U.S. Federal Aviation Administration requirements for certain airplane models, national and local safety regulations applicable to our ADAS products and other CE certification and UL certification requirements applicable to certain of our electronic products in various jurisdictions across the globe.

Our business may be adversely affected by changes in automotive and aeronautic safety regulations or concerns that drive further regulation of the automobile and aeronautic safety market.

Government vehicle safety regulations are an important factor for our business. Historically, these regulations have imposed ever-more stringent safety regulations for vehicles. These safety regulations often require, or customers demand, that vehicles have more safety features and more advanced safety products.

While we believe increasing automotive and aeronautic safety standards will present a market opportunity for our light and vision control products, government safety regulations are subject to change based on a number of factors that are not within our control, including new scientific or technological data, adverse publicity regarding industry recalls and safety risks, accidents involving our products, domestic and foreign political developments or considerations, and litigation relating to our products and our competitors’ products. Changes in government regulations, as well as changes or evolution in court doctrines in interpreting those regulations, especially in the automotive and aeronautic industries, could adversely affect our business. If government priorities shift and we are unable to adapt to changing regulations or to court interpretations of those regulations, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Federal and local regulators impose more stringent compliance and reporting requirements in response to product recalls and safety issues in the automotive and aeronautic industry. As the vehicles and airplanes that carry our products go into production, we may become subject to stringent requirements, including a duty to report, subject to strict timing requirements, safety defects with our products. Such rules and regulations may impose potentially significant civil penalties for violations including the failure to comply with such reporting actions. If we cannot rapidly address any safety concerns or defects with our products, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

For example, the U.S. Department of Transportation has issued regulations that require manufacturers of certain autonomous vehicles to provide documentation covering specific topics to regulators, such as how automated systems detect objects on the road, how information is displayed to drivers, what cybersecurity measures are in place and the methods used to test the design and validation of autonomous driving systems. As cars that carry our sensors go into production, the obligations of complying with safety regulations could increase and it could require increased resources and adversely affect our business.

We are subject to requirements relating to environmental and safety regulations and environmental remediation matters which could adversely affect our business, results of operation and reputation.

We are subject to international, foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing, among other things, the emission or discharge of materials into the environment, the use, storage, treatment, disposal and management of solid and hazardous waste, the remediation of releases of hazardous materials into the environment and the protection of the health and safety of our employees and end users of our product. Our suppliers

are also subject to applicable international, foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations governing the same, and our suppliers’ use of hazardous materials or any noncompliance with applicable regulations may adversely impact their operations and the supply of products and raw materials required for our operations. While we adapt our manufacturing and distribution processes to conform and comply with the environmental control standards of the applicable regulatory authorities, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of non-compliance or accidental contamination or injury from hazardous or regulated materials, including injury of our employees, individuals who handle our products, or others who claim to have been exposed to our products, nor can we completely eliminate the unanticipated interruption or suspension of operations at our facilities due to such events. In the event of non-compliance, contamination or injury due to a violation of applicable environmental laws and regulations, regulatory authorities may impose significant damages or fines, and such assessed damages or fines could have an adverse effect on our financial performance and results of operations. There are capital, operating and other costs associated with compliance with these environmental laws and regulations.

In addition, environmental laws and regulations are expected to become more stringent in the future, and changes in, or new interpretations of, existing environmental laws and regulations may result in a material increase in the costs of compliance or require us to manufacture with alternative technologies and materials. Such changes in law could impose new obligations with respect to any potential health hazards. Non-compliance with such regulations may include litigation, regulation, fines, increased insurance premiums, mandates to temporarily halt production, workers’ compensation claims, or other actions that impact our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business may be adversely affected by the impacts of climate change.

National and international efforts to respond to global climate change have increased in recent years. Although, our business does not directly emit significant quantities of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gasses, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions could negatively affect our business by increasing the costs goods and services used in our operations, including electricity, raw materials and transportation. In addition, the physical impacts of climate change may adversely affect our business and operations both physically and financially. The effects of climate change may intensify both the frequency and severity of natural events such as major storms, flooding, droughts, shifts in weather patterns and wildfires. To the extent temperatures continue to rise globally or are otherwise unabated, the negative impacts of these significant climate events will likely increase and may result in disruptions to our supply chain and damage to our physical facilities and operations (or those of our suppliers), all of which could adversely affect our business and our financial performance. Any such impacts resulting from climate change are likely to occur over a sustained period of time and are therefore difficult to quantify with any degree of specificity.

We operate in international markets and are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, as well anti-corruption laws and regulations of other countries, in addition to laws and regulations relating to export controls and economic sanctions. Violations of these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (as amended), or FCPA, Chapter 9 (sub-chapter 5) of the Israeli Penal Law, 5737-1977, and other anti-bribery laws in countries in which we conduct activities, collectively, Anti-Corruption Laws. These laws generally prohibit companies and their employees, officers and directors, as well as any and third-party intermediaries acting on their behalf, from corruptly promising, authorizing, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything of value to foreign government officials, political parties, and private-sector recipients for the purpose of improperly influencing a government official or securing any improper advantage to obtain or retain business. In addition, U.S. public companies are required to maintain records that accurately and fairly represent their transactions and have an adequate system of internal accounting controls.

Our business operations also must be conducted in compliance with applicable export control and financial and economic sanctions laws and regulations, collectively, Trade Controls, including rules administered by the United States Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the United States Department of State, the United States Department of Commerce, the relevant ministries or authorities of the government of Israel, His Majesty’s Treasury of the United Kingdom, the European Union (and its member states), the United Nations Security Council and other relevant authorities.

We cannot provide assurances that our internal Code of Ethics will always protect us from liability for acts committed by employees, agents or business partners of ours (or of businesses we acquire or partner with) that would violate Anti-Corruption Laws and Trade Controls, including the laws governing payments to government officials, bribery, fraud, kickbacks and other related laws. Any such improper actions or allegations of such acts could subject us to significant sanctions, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, disgorgement of profits, injunctions and debarment from government contracts, as well as related shareholder lawsuits and other remedial measures, all of which could disrupt our business and adversely affect our reputation, and our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, we engage third-party representatives to interact with potential customers, which may create risks under Anti-Corruption Laws and Trade Controls.

We are subject to risks related to corporate social responsibility.

Many companies now face increasing scrutiny related to their environmental, social and governance, or ESG, practices and requested disclosures by institutional and individual investors who are increasingly using ESG screening criteria in making investment decisions. Any of our disclosures on ESG-related matters or a failure to satisfy evolving stakeholder expectations for ESG practices and reporting may potentially harm our reputation and impact relationships with investors. Certain market participants, including major institutional investors, use third-party benchmarks or scores to measure ESG practices in making investment decisions. Furthermore, some of our customers and suppliers may evaluate our ESG-related practices and/or request that we adopt certain ESG policies. Any failure or perceived failure to pursue or fulfil stated goals, targets and objectives or to satisfy various reporting standards, could expose us to government enforced actions and/or private litigation. As ESG best practices, reporting standards and disclosure requirements continue to develop, we may incur increasing costs related to ESG monitoring and reporting. At the present, we do not have a formal ESG policy or program and have not established any formal timeframe for development or adoption of such an ESG program.

Furthermore, if our competitors’ ESG performance is perceived to be better than that of ours, potential or current investors may elect to invest with our competitors instead. If we fail to satisfy the expectations of investors, employees and other stakeholders or our initiatives are not executed as planned, our reputation and business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

We are subject to laws and regulations concerning data privacy and security which are continually evolving and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operation and reputation.

As part of our normal business activities, we collect, use, store, share, transmit, and process personal information. As such, we are subject to various federal, state, local, and international laws, regulations, and industry standards. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding, with frequent imposition of new and changing requirements that are subject to differing interpretations. In the United States, there are numerous federal and state data privacy and security laws, rules, and regulations governing the collection, use, storage, sharing, transmission, and other processing of personal information, including federal and state data privacy laws, data breach notification laws, and consumer protection laws. For example, the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and many state attorneys general are interpreting federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards for the online collection, use, dissemination, and security of data. Such standards require us to publish statements that describe how we handle personal data and choices individuals may have about the way we handle their personal data. If such information that we publish is considered untrue or inaccurate, we may be subject to government claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences. Moreover, according to the FTC, violating consumers’ privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal data secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act. State consumer protection laws provide similar causes of action for unfair or deceptive practices. Some states, such as California, Massachusetts, and New York have passed specific laws mandating reasonable security measures for the handling of consumer data.

Many state legislatures have also adopted legislation that regulates how businesses operate, including measures relating to privacy, data security, and data breaches. Such legislation includes the California Consumer Privacy Act as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, or the CCPA, which imposes obligations on covered businesses, relating to the processing of personal information and grants rights to California residents, such as the right to access, correct and delete their personal information, opt out of certain sharing and sales of their personal information and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used and shared. The CCPA prohibits discrimination against individuals who exercise their privacy rights, and provides for civil penalties for

violations enforceable by the California Attorney General as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action is expected to increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation.

The enactment of the CCPA has prompted a wave of similar legislative developments in other states, such as Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah and Virginia. Many other states are currently reviewing or proposing the need for greater regulation of the collection, sharing, use and other processing of personal information and there remains interest at the federal level as well, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. As a result, additional investment in compliance may be required. While we have a privacy program in place that we are continuing to strengthen, we have not yet conducted a formal assessment as to whether we are subject to these state data privacy laws and regulations and therefore may not be in compliance.

We are also subject to the European Union General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 and applicable national supplementing laws, collectively, the EU GDPR. We may also be subject to the United Kingdom General Data Protection Regulation and Data Protection Act 2018, collectively, the UK GDPR, and we have not yet conducted an assessment as to whether the Company is subject to such laws and therefore, if applicable, we will not be in compliance with the UK GDPR. The EU GDPR and UK GDPR, together referred to as the GDPR, impose comprehensive data privacy compliance obligations in relation to our collection, processing, sharing, disclosure, transfer and other use of data relating to an identifiable living individual or “personal data,” including a principal of accountability and the obligation to demonstrate compliance through policies, procedures, training and audit.

We are in the process of strengthening and documenting our data privacy compliance program and therefore we and our subsidiaries may not be in compliance with all data governance and other requirements under applicable data privacy and data security laws, regulations, policies and legal obligations, including GDPR and applicable Israeli privacy and data security law requirements. The EU GDPR and UK GDPR regulate cross-border transfers of personal data out of the EEA and the United Kingdom. Case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union, or the CJEU, states that reliance on the standard contractual clauses — a standard form of contract approved by the European Commission as an adequate personal data transfer mechanism — alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances and that transfers must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. On October 7, 2022, President Biden signed an Executive Order on ‘Enhancing Safeguards for United States Intelligence Activities’ that introduced new redress mechanisms and binding safeguards to address the concerns raised by the CJEU in relation to data transfers from the EEA to the United States, forming the basis for the new EU-US Data Privacy Framework, or the DPF, as released on December 13, 2022. The European Commission adopted its Adequacy Decision in relation to the DPF on July 10, 2023, rendering the DPF effective as an EU GDPR transfer mechanism to U.S. entities self-certified under the DPF. On October 12, 2023, the UK Extension to the DPF came into effect (as approved by the UK Government), as a UK GDPR data transfer mechanism to U.S. entities self-certified under the UK Extension to the DPF. We currently do not have any safeguards in place to transfer personal information outside the European Economic Area, or EEA, and the United Kingdom, including to the United States, with respect to both intragroup and third-party transfers. As the enforcement landscape further develops, and supervisory authorities issue further guidance on international data transfers, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines. We may have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes; we will have to implement EU standard contractual clauses (and the UK data transfer equivalent, if applicable) for existing intragroup, customer and vendor arrangements; and/or it could otherwise affect the manner in which we provide our services, and could adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

Failure to comply with the GDPR could result in penalties for noncompliance. Since we are subject to the supervision of relevant data protection authorities under the EU GDPR and we may also be subject to the supervision of the data protection authority under the UK GDPR, we could be fined under each of those regimes independently in respect of the same breach. Penalties for certain breaches are up to the greater of EUR 20 million/GBP 17.5 million or 4% of our global annual turnover. In addition to fines, a breach of the GDPR may result in regulatory investigations, reputational damage, orders to cease/change our data processing activities, enforcement notices, assessment notices (for a compulsory audit) and/or civil claims (including class actions). Failure to comply with certain provision of the Israeli privacy and data security law requirements may carry civil, administrative, and criminal sanctions. Furthermore, breaches discovered by the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority’s Inspection Unit may be published on the Israeli Privacy Protection Authority’s website and may result in negative publicity.

We are also subject to evolving EU and UK privacy laws on cookies, tracking technologies and e-marketing. Recent European court and regulator decisions are driving increased attention to cookies and tracking technologies. If the trend of increasing enforcement by regulators of the strict approach to opt-in consent for all but essential use cases continues, as seen in recent guidance and decisions, this could lead to substantial costs, require significant

systems changes, limit the effectiveness of our marketing activities, divert the attention of our technology personnel, adversely affect our margins, and subject us to additional liabilities. In light of the complex and evolving nature of European Union, EU Member State and UK privacy laws on cookies and tracking technologies, there can be no assurances that we will be successful in our efforts to comply with such laws; violations of such laws could result in regulatory investigations, fines, orders to cease/change our use of such technologies, as well as civil claims including class actions, and reputational damage.

In China, we are also subject to various aspects of the country’s onerous data compliance regime, which can include the Cybersecurity Law, the Data Security Law and the Personal Information Protection Law, or PIPL. In addition, the relevant government authorities of China promulgated several regulations or released a number of draft regulations for public comments that are designed to provide further implemental guidance in accordance with these laws. We cannot predict what impact the new laws and regulations or the increased costs of compliance, if any, will have on our operations in China, in particular the Data Security Law or PIPL, due to their recent enactment and the limited guidance available. It is also generally unclear how the laws will be interpreted and enforced in practice by the relevant government authorities as these laws are drafted broadly and, thus, leave great discretion to the relevant government authorities to exercise.

Our subsidiary, Safety Tech SAS, also relies on machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated decision making to improve its services and tailor its interactions with customers. However, in recent years, use of these methods has come under increased regulatory scrutiny.

New laws, guidance and/or decisions in this area could provide a new regulatory framework that will evidence a necessity to adjust and may limit Safety Tech SAS’s ability to use its existing artificial intelligence models and require us to make changes to its operations that may decrease its operational efficiency, result in an increase to operating costs and/or hinder its ability to improve its services.

In Europe, on April 21, 2021, the European Commission proposed a regulation seeking to establish a comprehensive, risk-based governance framework for artificial intelligence in the EU market, the EU AI Act, which was politically agreed in December 2023. It is intended to apply to companies that develop, use and/or provide artificial intelligence in the EU and includes requirements around transparency, conformity assessments and monitoring, risk assessments, human oversight, security and accuracy, and introduces significant fines for noncompliance. There are also specific rules on the use of automated decision making under the GDPR that “provide the data subject the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.”

Additionally, the existence of automated decision making must be disclosed to the data subject with a meaningful explanation of the logic used in such decision making in certain circumstances, and safeguards must be implemented to safeguard individual rights, including the right to obtain human intervention and to contest any decision.

In the United States, an executive order was issued in October 2023 on the Safe, Secure and Trustworthy Development and Use of AI, emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability and fairness in the development and use of AI. The order seeks to balance fostering innovation with addressing risks associated with AI by providing eight guiding principles and priorities, such as ensuring that consumers are protected from fraud, discrimination and privacy risks related to AI. The order also calls for future regulations from various agencies, such as the FTC (to ensure fair competition and reduce consumer harm) and, in alignment with the order, other agencies have issued guidance, such as the Swiss Federal Act on Collective Investment Schemes, or CISA. Legislation has also been promulgated on the state level. For example, the California Privacy Protection Agency is currently in the process of finalizing regulations under the CCPA regarding the use of automated decision making. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies or regulatory guidance relating to privacy or data security may result in governmental investigations and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, and could cause our customers and consumers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

We and our third-party vendors face cybersecurity risks and may incur increasing costs in an effort to mitigate those risks, and if we fail to prevent data security breaches, there may be damage to our reputation, material financial penalties, and legal liability, which would materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We rely on systems and websites, including some that are managed by third parties, that allow for the storage and transmission of proprietary or confidential information regarding our customers, employees and others, including personal information. We face numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems and confidential information, including malicious code embedded in

open-source software, or misconfigurations, “bugs” or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT systems, products or services. The risk of a data security breach or a disruption has generally increased in number, intensity and sophistication. Techniques used to compromise or sabotage systems change frequently, may originate from less regulated and remote areas of the world and be difficult to detect and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be vulnerable to, and unable to anticipate or detect, data security breaches and data loss. In addition, data security breaches can also occur as a result of a breach by us or our employees or by persons with whom we have commercial relationships that result in the unauthorized release of personal or confidential information.

We have implemented various controls, systems and processes intended to secure our systems and the information on it. However, we cannot guarantee that these measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. For example, these security measures could be, and have been, compromised as a result of a security breach by an unauthorized person, employee error, malfeasance, faulty password management or other irregularity and result in persons obtaining unauthorized access to our systems. Even if the vulnerabilities that may lead to the foregoing are identified, we may be unable to adequately investigate or remediate due to attackers using tools and techniques that are designed to circumvent controls, avoid detection and remove or obfuscate forensic evidence. A breach or circumvention of our systems or the systems of third parties, including by ransomware, social engineering, phishing or other attacks, could result in disruptions to our business operations; unauthorized access to (or the loss of company access to) competitively sensitive, confidential, personal or other critical data or systems; loss of customers; financial losses; regulatory investigations, enforcement actions and fines; litigation and misuse or corruption of critical data, personal data and proprietary information, any of which could be material.

As have many companies, we have in the past, and may continue to be, impacted by breaches in our data security. These can vary in scope and intent from motivated driven attacks to malicious attacks intended to disrupt our key operations. For example, on January 17, 2021, our subsidiary Vision Systems Corporate SAS detected a ransomware attack and unauthorized access to its information technology systems. It was determined that the unauthorized third party potentially gained access to certain personal data. While we could not confirm that data was not exfiltrated, there is currently no indication of any exfiltration or misuse of any information following the attack. Certain steps have been taken to remediate the attack, including a review of our data security program and the implementation of new safeguards. In addition, we provided notice to the French data protection authority and law enforcement authorities. Even though we determined that the ransomware attack had no material impact on our business, any breach of our network or vendor systems may result in the loss or misuse of confidential business and financial data or misappropriation of personal information, which could require us to expend substantial additional resources and have a material adverse effect on our business, including unwanted media attention, damage to our reputation, litigation, disputes, orders, providing required breach notifications to affected parties, regulators or those we are contractually obligated to notify, diverting resources from other projects, regulatory action or significant legal and remediation expenses, including fines, indemnity obligations, damages for contract breach, penalties for violations of applicable laws and regulations and significant increases in compliance costs. We could also experience delays or interruptions in our ability to function in the normal course of business. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. This event or similar events in the future could expose us to a disruption to our business or challenges relating to our daily operations that could inhibit sales.

In addition to our own databases, we use third-party service providers to store, process and transmit confidential, personal or sensitive information on our behalf. A data security breach could occur in the future either at their location or within their systems that could affect our personal or confidential information. Similar security risks exist with respect to our third-party vendors that we rely on for aspects of our IT support services, pickup and delivery services, and administrative functions, including the systems owned, operated or controlled by other unaffiliated operators to the extent we rely on such other systems to deliver services to our customers. Our ability to monitor our third-party service providers’ data security is limited. As a result, we are subject to the risk that cyber-attacks on, or other security incidents affecting, our third-party service providers may adversely affect our business, even if an attack or breach does not directly impact our systems. It is also possible that security breaches sustained by, or other security incidents affecting, our competitors could result in negative publicity for our entire industry that indirectly harms our reputation and diminishes demand for our products and services. Practices regarding the collection, use, storage, transmission and security of personal information have recently come under increased public scrutiny. Any failure or perceived failure

by us to prevent information security breaches or to comply with privacy policies or privacy-related legal obligations could cause our customers to lose trust in us and our services. Any perception that the confidentiality or privacy of information is unsafe or vulnerable when using our services, could damage our reputation and substantially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The secure processing, storage, maintenance and transmission of critical customer and business information are vital to our operations and our business strategy. Although we devote resources to protecting such information and take what we believe to be reasonable measures, including a formal and dedicated IT department and limiting the amount of any data we store, to protect sensitive information from compromises such as unauthorized access, disclosure, or modification or lack of availability, our information technology and infrastructure may still be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes is limited.

As of December 31, 2023, we had estimated net operating loss carryforwards for Israeli income tax purposes of $85.7 million available to offset future taxable income. Any available net operating loss carryforwards would have value only to the extent there is income in the future against which such net operating loss carryforwards may be offset. In addition, limitations imposed by applicable law on our ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards could cause income taxes to be paid earlier than would be paid if such limitations were not in effect, thereby reducing or eliminating the benefit of such net operating loss carryforwards.

In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes, such as research tax credits, to offset its post-change income may be limited. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our share ownership. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carry-forwards and other tax attributes to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us.

We are subject to tax laws, tariffs and potential tax audits in multiple jurisdictions that could affect our financial results.

We are subject to tax laws, tariffs and potential tax audits in multiple jurisdictions. The application and interpretation of these laws in different jurisdictions affect our international operations in complex ways and are subject to change, and some changes may be retroactively applied. Our tax liabilities in the different countries where we operate depend, in part, on transfer pricing and administrative charges among our subsidiaries and us. These arrangements require us to make judgments with which tax authorities may disagree, potentially resulting in the assessment of material additional taxes, penalties, interest or other charges to resolve these issues.

The combination of the above factors may lead to an increased likelihood of tax audits with respect, among other things, to: (i) tax residence, (ii) trade or business activities and/or permanent establishment status in various jurisdictions, (iii) transfer pricing, (iv) controlled foreign corporation legislation, (v) taxation of dividends and capital gains derived upon interests held in companies located in low-tax jurisdictions, (vi) withholding tax application on cross-border payments, and (vii) anti-hybrid mismatches. In any such case, depending on the specific circumstances, tax audits and/or legal proceedings with the tax authorities could result in tax liabilities and fines and penalties of significant amounts, which could be in excess of the amounts we provide for in our financial statements for tax liabilities.

Transactions that we have structured in light of current tax rules could have material and adverse consequences for us if tax rules change or if tax authorities apply or interpret the rules differently than we do. Changes in tax laws, their application and interpretation or imposition of any new or increased tariffs, duties and taxes could increase our tax burden and materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Such factors could also cause us to expend significant time and resources and/or cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information.

The enactment of legislation implementing changes in taxation of international business activities, the adoption of other corporate tax reform policies or changes in tax legislation or policies could impact our future financial position and results of operations.

Corporate tax reform, base-erosion efforts and tax transparency continue to be high priorities in many tax jurisdictions where we have business operations. As a result, policies regarding corporate income and other taxes in numerous jurisdictions are under heightened scrutiny and tax reform legislation is being proposed or enacted in a number of jurisdictions.

In 2015, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, or OECD, published final recommendations on base erosion and profit shifting, or BEPS. These recommendations proposed the development of rules directed at counteracting the effects of tax havens and preferential tax regimes in countries around the world. Several of the areas of tax law on which the BEPS project focused have led or will lead to changes in the domestic law of individual OECD jurisdictions. These changes include (amongst others) restrictions on interest and other deductions for tax purposes, the introduction of broad anti-hybrid regimes and reform of controlled foreign corporation rules. Changes are also expected to arise in the application of certain double tax treaties, which may restrict our ability or the ability of our subsidiaries to rely on the terms of relevant double tax treaties in certain circumstances. Further, recent BEPS developments, such as the OECD Inclusive Framework’s global tax reform statements in October 2021, include proposals for new profit allocation and nexus rules and for rules (including Pillar Two model rules released in December 2021 and March 2022) to ensure that the profits of multinational enterprises are subject to a minimum rate of tax. It should also be noted that on December 22, 2021, the European Commission published a proposed directive with a view to neutralize the misuse for tax purposes of shell entities located in the European Union, noting that a proposal to extend the scope of the said directive to shell entities located outside the European Union should be released in 2022. If these or similar changes and reforms are enacted, we would expect our tax costs and operational expenses related to this complex compliance to increase.

Due to the global scale of our business activities, any changes in tax law that apply to our activities, such as new definitions of permanent establishment, new nexus and profit allocation rules or the combined effect of tax laws in multiple jurisdictions may increase our worldwide effective tax rate, increase the complexity and costs associated with tax compliance and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may have exposure to additional tax liabilities.

As an international vendor, we are subject to income taxes and non-income-based taxes. Although we believe that our tax filing positions are reasonable and comply with applicable law, we regularly review our tax filing positions, especially in light of tax law or business practice changes, and we may change our positions or determine that previous positions should be amended, either of which could result in additional tax liabilities. Significant judgment is required to evaluate applicable tax obligations. In many cases, the ultimate tax determination is uncertain because it is not clear how new and existing statutes might apply to our business, and as a result, amounts recorded may be subject to adjustments by the relevant tax authorities. The final determination of tax audits or tax disputes may be different from what is reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. If current or future audits find that additional taxes are due, we may be subject to incremental tax liabilities, possibly including interest and penalties, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In general, governments are increasingly focused on ways to increase tax revenues, which has contributed to an increase in audit activity, more aggressive positions taken by tax authorities, more time and difficulty to resolve any audits or disputes and an increase in new tax legislation. Any such additional taxes or other assessments may be in excess of our current tax provisions or may require us to modify our business practices in order to reduce our exposure to additional taxes going forward, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are also subject to other non-income-based taxes, such as value-added, payroll, sales, use, excise and goods and services taxes. From time to time, we may be under audit or investigation by tax authorities or involved in legal proceedings related to these non-income-based taxes or we may revise or amend our tax positions, which may result in additional non-income-based tax liabilities.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to obtain, maintain and protect effective intellectual property rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

Historically, we have relied on patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our technologies and products. Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technologies and products.

We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in Israel, the United States and in other countries, with respect to our novel technologies and products, which are important to our business. Patent prosecution is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.

Our patent portfolio consists of an aggregate of 141 patents and 23 patent applications, as described in “Business — Intellectual Property.” We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patent applications will issue, the breadth of any such patent or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any new products that we may develop.

Further, there is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our products, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patent applications and any future patents may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our new products, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

If we cannot obtain and maintain effective patent rights for our products, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.

Intellectual property rights of third parties could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our products, and we might be required to litigate or obtain licenses from third parties in order to develop or market our products. Such litigation or licenses could be costly or not available on commercially reasonable terms.

It is inherently difficult to conclusively assess our freedom to operate without infringing on third-party rights. Our competitive position may be adversely affected if existing patents or patents resulting from patent applications issued to third parties or other third-party intellectual property rights are held to cover our products or elements thereof, or our manufacturing or uses relevant to our development plans. In such cases, we may not be in a position to develop or commercialize products or our products unless we successfully pursue litigation to nullify or invalidate the third-party intellectual property right concerned or enter into a license agreement with the intellectual property right holder, if available on commercially reasonable terms. There may also be pending patent applications that if they result in issued patents, could be alleged to be infringed by our new products. If such an infringement claim should be brought and be successful, we may be required to pay substantial damages, be forced to abandon our new products or seek a license from any patent holders. No assurances can be given that a license will be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, U.S. patent applications filed before November 29, 2000 and certain U.S. patent applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States remain confidential until patents issue. Patent applications in the United States and in most of the other countries are published approximately 18 months after the earliest filing for which priority is claimed, with such earliest filing date being commonly referred to as the priority date. Therefore, patent applications covering our new products or platform technologies could have been filed by others without our knowledge. Additionally, pending patent applications which have been published can, subject to certain limitations, be later amended in a manner

that could cover our platform technologies, our new products or the use of our new products. Third-party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement claims against us. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such infringement claims. If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or continue costly, unpredictable and time-consuming litigation and may be prevented from or experience substantial delays in pursuing the development of and/or marketing our new products. If we fail in any such dispute, in addition to being forced to pay damages, we may be temporarily or permanently prohibited from commercializing our new products that are held to be infringing. We might, if possible, also be forced to redesign our new products so that we no longer infringe the third party’s intellectual property rights. Any of these events, even if we were ultimately to prevail, could require us to divert substantial financial and management resources that we would otherwise be able to devote to our business.

Patent policy and rule changes could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of any patents that may issue from our patent applications or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. We therefore cannot be certain that we were the first to file the invention claimed in our owned and licensed patent or pending applications, or that we or our licensor were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming all other requirements for patentability are met, in the United States prior to March 15, 2013, the first to make the claimed invention without undue delay in filing is entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. Since March 15, 2013, the United States has moved to a first to file system. Changes to the way patent applications will be prosecuted could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of any issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our intellectual property. If we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our products, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our products is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The validity of U.S. patents may also be challenged in post-grant proceedings before the USPTO. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.

Derivation proceedings initiated by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions and/or their scope with respect to our patent or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our new products to market.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our ordinary shares.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship of our intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators or other third parties have an interest in, or right to compensation, with respect to our current patent and patent applications, future patents or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. For example, we may have inventorship disputes arise from conflicting obligations of consultants or others who are involved in developing our products. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or claiming the right to compensation. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on products, as well as monitoring their infringement in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States.

A substantial part of the commercial success of the Company will depend on its ability to maintain, establish and protect its intellectual property assets, maintain trade secret protection, register copyrights and trademarks, and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Our patent portfolio consists of an aggregate of 141 patents and 23 patent applications, as described in “Business — Intellectual Property.” We cannot assure investors that any of our currently pending or future patent applications will result in issued patents and we cannot predict how long it will take for such patent applications to issue as patents. There is a further risk that the claims of each patent application, as filed, may change in scope during examination by the patent offices. Further, if and where a patent is granted, there can be no guarantee that such patent will be valid or enforceable or that the patent will be granted in other jurisdictions.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and may also export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products. Future patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Our success depends, at least in part, on our ability to protect our core technologies and intellectual property. Failure to adequately protect our technologies and intellectual property could result in competitors offering similar products, potentially resulting in the loss of some of our competitive advantage and a decrease in revenue which would adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results. Patent, trademark, and trade secret laws vary significantly throughout the world. Some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States or the State of Israel. Further, some license provisions protecting against unauthorized use, copying, transfer and disclosure of our offerings may be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries. Policing the unauthorized use of our intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions may be difficult or impossible. Therefore, our intellectual property rights may not be as strong or as easily enforced outside of the United States or Israel. Changes in the law or adverse court rulings may also negatively affect our ability to prevent others from using our technology.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our future patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to monitor and enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license. We use machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated decision making in our research and development process. These machine learning, artificial intelligence and

automated decision making technologies may not be accurate and we may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights related to products or services created by or based exclusively on machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated decision making.

In addition, Safety Tech SAS uses machine learning, artificial intelligence, and automated decision making technologies, including artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms licensed from a third party in a part of its business solutions, and is making significant investments to continuously improve the use of such technologies. There are significant risks involved in developing, maintaining and deploying machine learning, artificial intelligence and automated decision making technologies and there can be no assurance that the usage of such technologies will always enhance our products or services or be cost effective and more generally beneficial to our business, including our efficiency or profitability. In particular, if these artificial intelligence or machine learning models or automated decision making technologies are incorrectly designed or implemented; trained or reliant on incomplete, inadequate, inaccurate, biased or otherwise poor quality data or on data to which we do not have sufficient rights; and/or are adversely impacted by unforeseen defects, technical challenges, cyber security threats or material performance issues, the performance of our products, services, and business, as well as our reputation and the reputations of our customers, could suffer or we could incur liability through the violation of laws or contracts to which we are a party or civil claims. Further, our ability to continue to develop or use such models or technologies may be dependent on access to specific third-party software and infrastructure, such as processing hardware or third-party artificial intelligence models, and we cannot control the availability or pricing of such third-party software and infrastructure. In addition, market acceptance and consumer perceptions of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies is uncertain at this point.

A number of aspects of intellectual property protection in the field of artificial intelligence and machine learning are currently under development, and there is uncertainty and ongoing litigation in different jurisdictions as to the degree and extent of protection warranted for artificial intelligence and machine learning systems and relevant system input and outputs. If we fail to obtain protection for the intellectual property rights concerning our automated decision making, artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, or later have our intellectual property rights invalidated or otherwise diminished, our competitors may be able to take advantage of our research and development efforts to develop competing products.

We rely on licenses to use the intellectual property rights of third parties. If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose rights that are important to our business.

We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on certain intellectual property that is licensed from third-party licensors, including licenses to artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Such licensors may be infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others or may not have sufficient rights to the licensed technology in all jurisdictions in which we may operate. Disputes with licensors over uses or terms could result in the payment of additional royalties or penalties by us, cancellation or non-renewal of the underlying license or litigation. In the event that we cannot renew and/or expand existing licenses, we may be required to discontinue or limit our use of the operations, products, or offerings that include or incorporate the licensed intellectual property or technology. Any such discontinuation or limitation could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

In 2017, we obtained a license from Research Frontiers, Inc., or RFI, for intellectual property relating to Light Valves, Light Valve Film and SPD Emulsions. This license from RFI imposes on us certain development, commercialization and royalty obligations, and other restrictions on our ability to exploit the technology covered by such license. Vision Systems also holds a license from RFI which imposes commercialization and royalty obligations and other restrictions. See “Business — Intellectual Property — Licenses with Research Frontiers, Inc.” If either of these license agreements is terminated, our ability to manufacture and sell products utilizing the technology licensed from RFI could be significantly adversely affected, which could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We are currently subject to litigation regarding Research Frontiers, Inc.’s payment of royalties related to patented technologies we license from them, which could be expensive and could divert management attention.

Global Glass Technologies Inc., or GGT, has brought suit against RFI related to the patented technologies we license from RFI. We are currently a party to this litigation. In October 2020, GGT filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court — Middle District of Florida against us, our subsidiary Vision Systems and RFI, alleging breach of contract, inducement of patent infringement, and patent infringement related to the patented technologies we license

from RFI. The only claim relevant to us is the patent infringement claim. GGT seeks declaratory relief, injunctive relief and damages for royalty payments. We are currently a party to this litigation, and we do not collect royalties on these licenses. On November 30, 2021, our motion to dismiss GGT’s first amended complaint was granted with leave for plaintiffs to amend. On September 27, 2022, our motion to dismiss GGT’s second amended complaint was denied. On October 18, 2023, the inducement of patent infringement and patent infringement claims were dismissed without prejudice for 30 days during which time GGT was permitted to find replacement counsel. GGT was advised by the court that if it did not find a replacement counsel within such 30-day period that such patent infringement claim would be dismissed with prejudice. On November 16, 2023, GGT filed a motion asking for a 60-day extension of time to find counsel. We responded to such motion on November 29, 2023, and the court granted that motion, giving GGT until December 21, 2023 to secure and retain counsel. On December 21, 2023, GGT notified the court that it had reengaged one of its previous counsel. On February 20, 2024, we filed our motion seeking recovery of our attorney fees as a sanction against the plaintiff and its lawyers for bringing this lawsuit. On February 21, 2024, the court entered its order granting RFI motion for summary judgment, and granting RFI and our motion to sanction plaintiff for filing a frivolous lawsuit. We are currently waiting for a ruling on our motion for attorney fees. Litigation of this type could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could seriously hurt our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

Risks Related to the Offering and the Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares

The market price of our ordinary shares may be volatile or may decline steeply or suddenly regardless of our operating performance, and we may not be able to meet investor or analyst expectations. You may not be able to resell your ordinary shares at or above the price you paid and may lose all or part of your investment.

If you purchase our ordinary shares in this offering, you may not be able to resell those shares at or above the price you paid. The market price of our ordinary shares may fluctuate or decline significantly in response to numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control, including:

•        actual or anticipated fluctuations in our revenues or other operating results;

•        variations between our actual operating results and the expectations of securities analysts, investors and the financial community;

•        any forward-looking financial or operating information we may provide to the public or securities analysts, any changes in this information or our failure to meet expectations based on this information;

•        actions of securities analysts who initiate or maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates by any securities analysts who follow us or our failure to meet these estimates or the expectations of investors;

•        additional ordinary shares being sold into the market by us or our shareholders, or the anticipation of such sales, including if certain of our shareholders sell shares into the market when the applicable “lock-up” period ends for such shareholders;

•        announcements by us or our competitors of significant products or features, innovations, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, capital commitments, divestitures or other dispositions;

•        loss of relationships with significant distributors, dealers or other customers;

•        changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of companies in our industry, including our competitors;

•        difficulties in integrating any new acquisitions we may make;

•        loss of services from members of management or employees or difficulty in recruiting additional employees;

•        worsening of global economic conditions and reduction in demand for our products;

•        price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, including as a result of general economic trends;

•        lawsuits threatened or filed against us, or events that negatively impact our reputation;

•        the impact of any resurgence of COVID-19 or any of its variants or any other pandemic on us and the national and global economies; and

•        developments in new legislation and pending lawsuits or regulatory actions, including interim or final rulings by judicial or regulatory bodies.

In addition, extreme price and volume fluctuations in the stock markets have affected and continue to affect the stock prices of many companies. Often, their share prices have fluctuated in ways unrelated or disproportionate to their operating performance.

An active, liquid trading market for our ordinary shares may not develop.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares. Although we expect to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq, we cannot guarantee an active public market for our ordinary shares will develop or be sustained after this offering. If an active and liquid trading market does not develop, you may have difficulty selling or may not be able to sell any of the ordinary shares that you purchase.

OIC Growth Fund has indicated an interest to purchase, directly or by way of an affiliate, up to 833,333 of ordinary shares in this offering, which represents no more than 20% of the total ordinary shares in this offering. Because indications of interest are not binding agreements or commitments to purchase, the underwriters may determine to sell more, less or no ordinary shares in this offering to this investor, or this investor may determine to purchase more, less or no ordinary shares in this offering. If such investor is allocated a portion or all of, or more than, the ordinary shares in which it has indicated an interest in purchasing in this offering, its election to purchase any of such ordinary shares could reduce the level of trading activities and the liquidity of the ordinary shares.

Raising additional capital would cause dilution to our existing shareholders and may affect the rights of existing shareholders.

We may seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and collaborations and strategic and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a holder of our ordinary shares.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. We cannot be sure that our business will generate sufficient cash flows from operating activities, or that future borrowings will be available, to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Agreements that govern our credit facilities and other debt instruments restrict our ability to dispose of assets and use the proceeds from those dispositions to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due and also restrict our ability to raise debt. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations then due.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default, and the lenders

under our credit facilities could terminate their commitments to loan money, the lenders could foreclose against the assets securing their borrowings and we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation. Any of these events could result in you losing all or a portion of your investment in our ordinary shares.

Despite our current level of indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described herein.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. Although agreements that govern our credit facilities and other debt instruments contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market by our existing shareholders could cause our share price to fall.

Sales of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market following this offering, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ordinary shares and could impair our ability to raise capital through a future sale of, or pay for acquisitions using, our equity securities. All the ordinary shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, except for any such shares acquired by our “affiliates,” as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Furthermore, our directors, officers and shareholders that hold more than 95% of our ordinary shares upon the closing of this offering (assuming none of such persons purchase shares in this offering) will be subject to lock-up agreements with the underwriters of this offering that restrict their ability to transfer our ordinary shares for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus. We are unable to predict the effect that sales may have on the prevailing market price of our ordinary shares. See “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for further information.

Our principal shareholders, and related officers and directors beneficially own over 49.8% of our outstanding ordinary shares. They will therefore be able to exert significant influence over matters submitted to our shareholders for approval.

As of May 28, 2024, our principal shareholders, and related officers and directors beneficially own approximately 49.8% of our ordinary shares. Upon completion of this offering, our principal shareholders, officers and directors will, in the aggregate, beneficially own approximately 8.8% of our outstanding ordinary shares. This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our ordinary shares because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning shares in companies with significant shareholders. As a result, these shareholders, if they acted together, could significantly influence matters that require approval by our shareholders, including the election and dismissal of directors, certain related-party transactions, including the terms of compensation of our directors and chief executive officer, certain significant corporate transactions and amendments to our amended and restated articles of association. This concentration of ownership might also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of us that other shareholders may view as beneficial. The interests of these shareholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other shareholders.

We have never paid, and we currently do not intend to pay dividends.

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance operations and to expand our business and, therefore, do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, capital appreciation, if any, of our ordinary shares will be investors’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Any future determination as to the payment of dividends will be at the discretion of the Board and will depend on a number of factors, among other things, our financial condition, results of operations, current and anticipated cash needs and availability and other factors that the Board may consider to be relevant. Our ability to declare and pay dividends may also be limited by covenants of existing and any future outstanding indebtedness we incur. In addition, the Israeli Companies Law, 5759-1999, or the Companies Law, imposes restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See “Description of Share Capital — Dividend and Liquidation Rights” for additional information. Generally, payment of dividends is subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “Taxation — Material Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs” for additional information.

If you purchase securities in this offering, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution in the book value of your ordinary shares.

The offering price of our ordinary shares is substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our ordinary shares. Therefore, if you purchase securities in this offering, you will pay a price per ordinary share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering. To the extent outstanding options or warrants are exercised, you will incur further dilution. Based on the assumed offering price of $18.00 per ordinary share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, you will experience immediate dilution of $16.97 per ordinary share, representing the difference between our pro forma net tangible book value per ordinary share after giving effect to this offering and the offering price. In addition, purchasers of our ordinary shares in this offering will have contributed approximately 44% of the aggregate price paid by all purchasers of our ordinary shares but will own only approximately 29.5% of our ordinary shares outstanding after this offering. See “Dilution” for further information.

Management will have broad discretion as to the use of the net proceeds from this offering.

Our management will have broad discretion in the allocation of the net proceeds and could use them for purposes other than those contemplated at the time of this offering. Our shareholders may not agree with the manner in which our management chooses to allocate and spend the net proceeds.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they adversely change their recommendations or publish negative reports regarding our business or ordinary shares, our ordinary shares price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ordinary shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We do not have any control over these analysts and we cannot provide any assurance that analysts will cover us or provide favorable coverage. If any of the analysts who may cover us adversely change their recommendation regarding our ordinary shares, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our ordinary shares price would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our ordinary shares price or trading volume to decline.

We will incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a public company whose ordinary shares will be listed in the United States, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the other rules and regulations of the SEC and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq, and provisions of the Companies Law that apply to public companies such as us. The expenses that will be required in order to adequately prepare for being a public company will be material, and compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies will require considerable time and attention of management. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules of the SEC and national securities exchanges have imposed various requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. These rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits on coverage or incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel to serve on the Board, our board committees, or as executive officers.

We have no operating experience as a publicly traded company in the United States.

We have no operating experience as a publicly traded company in the United States. Although the individuals who now constitute our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, there is no assurance that the past experience of our management team will be sufficient to operate our company as a publicly traded company in the United States, including timely compliance with the disclosure requirements of the SEC. Following the completion of this offering, we will be required to develop and implement internal control

systems and procedures in order to satisfy the periodic and current reporting requirements under applicable SEC regulations and comply with the Nasdaq listing standards. These requirements will place significant strain on our management team, infrastructure and other resources. In addition, our management team may not be able to successfully or efficiently manage our company as a public reporting company in the United States that is subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations.

Certain recent initial public offerings of companies with public floats comparable to our anticipated public float have experienced extreme volatility that was seemingly unrelated to the underlying performance of the respective company. We may experience similar volatility, which may make it difficult for prospective investors to assess the value of our ordinary shares.

Our ordinary shares may be subject to extreme volatility that may be unrelated to the underlying performance of our business. Recently, companies with comparable anticipated public floats and initial public offering sizes have experienced instances of extreme stock price run-ups followed by rapid price declines, and such stock price volatility was seemingly unrelated to the respective company’s underlying performance. Although the specific cause of such volatility is unclear, our anticipated public float may amplify the impact the actions taken by a few shareholders have on the price of our ordinary shares, which may cause our share price to deviate, potentially significantly, from a price that better reflects the underlying performance of our business. Should our ordinary shares experience run-ups and declines that are seemingly unrelated to our actual or expected operating performance and financial condition or prospects, prospective investors may have difficulty assessing the rapidly changing value of our ordinary shares. In addition, investors of our ordinary shares may experience losses, which may be material, if the price of our ordinary shares declines after this offering or if such investors purchase our ordinary shares prior to any price decline.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements could be impaired and investors’ views of us could be harmed.

Prior to this offering, we have been a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal control over financial reporting. Although we evaluated our internal controls over financial reporting and identified no material weakness, we may not have developed sufficient infrastructure to accurately and timely report our financial results and may otherwise have material weaknesses over internal systems of control leading to delay, errors and restatement of financial reports. We cannot provide assurance that material weaknesses or control deficiencies will not occur in the future.

There is a possibility that we, once a public company, will be unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our shares could be negatively affected. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management and our independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, beginning with our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2024. In addition, we will be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting beginning with our annual report on Form 20-F following the date on which we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act (unless we meet the requirements of a non-accelerated filer). If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our ordinary shares could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the stock exchange on which we intend to list our ordinary shares, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures, or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors. Moreover, we cannot be certain that these measures would ensure that we implement and maintain adequate controls over our financial processes and reporting in the future. Even if we were to conclude, and our auditors were to concur, that our internal control over financial reporting

liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws, may not be collectible within the United States and may not necessarily be enforced by an Israeli court. It also may be difficult to affect service of process on these persons in the United States or to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to initiate an action with respect to U.S. securities laws in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on an alleged violation of U.S. securities laws reasoning that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. In addition, even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proven as a fact by expert witnesses, which can be a time consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel that addresses the matters described above. Additionally, Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside Israel, which may make it difficult to collect on judgments rendered against us or our non-U.S. officers and directors. See “Enforcement of Civil Liabilities.”

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder will be governed by Israeli law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our amended and restated articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. In particular, pursuant to the Companies Law, each shareholder of an Israeli company has to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising his, her or its rights and fulfilling his, her or its obligations toward the company and the other shareholders and to refrain from abusing his, her or its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at a general meeting of shareholders on amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and certain transactions requiring shareholders’ approval under the Companies Law, as well as a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder of an Israeli company or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or who has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or officer in the company or has other powers over the company has a duty of fairness toward the company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness, and there is little case law available to assist in understanding the implications of these provisions that govern shareholder behavior.

The tax benefits that may be available to us require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.

We believe that we may be eligible for certain tax benefits provided to a “Preferred Technological Enterprise” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 5719-1959, or the Investment Law. In order to be eligible for the tax benefits provided to a “Preferred Technological Enterprise,” we must continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations, as amended. If these tax benefits are reduced, cancelled, or discontinued, or if we fail to meet certain conditions, our Israeli taxable income from the Preferred Technological Enterprise would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates. The standard corporate tax rate for Israeli companies is currently 23%. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, our expanded activities might not be eligible for inclusion in future Israeli tax benefit programs. See “Taxation — Material Israeli Tax Considerations and Government Programs” for more information.

We may become subject to claims for remuneration or royalties for assigned service invention rights by our employees, which could result in litigation and adversely affect our business.

A significant portion of our intellectual property has been developed by our employees in the course of their employment for us. Under the Israeli Patents Law, 5727-1967, or the Patents Law, inventions conceived by an employee in the course of his or her employment with a company are regarded as “service inventions,” which belong to the employer, absent an agreement between the employee and employer giving the employee service invention rights. The Patents Law also provides that if there is no agreement between an employer and an employee determining whether the employee is entitled to receive remuneration for service inventions and on what terms, the Israeli Compensation and Royalties Committee, or the Committee, a body constituted under the Patents Law, has the authority to determine whether the employee is entitled to remuneration for his or her inventions and the scope of such remuneration. Case law clarifies that the right to receive consideration for “service inventions” can be waived by the employee. The Committee will examine, on a case-by-case basis, the general contractual framework between

the parties, using interpretation rules of general Israeli contract law. Further, the Committee has not yet determined one specific formula for calculating this remuneration, but rather uses the criteria specified in the Patents Law. Although we generally enter into agreements with our employees pursuant to which such individuals assign to us all rights to any inventions created during and as a result of their employment with us and waive their right to remuneration for service inventions, we may face claims demanding remuneration in consideration for assigned inventions. As a consequence of such claims, we could be required to pay additional remuneration or royalties to our current and/or former employees, or be forced to litigate such claims, which could negatively affect our business.

We have received Israeli government grants for certain research and development activities. The terms of these grants may require us to satisfy specified conditions in order to develop and transfer technologies supported by such grants outside of Israel. In addition, in some circumstances, we may be required to pay certain redemption fees in addition to repaying the grants.

Our research and development efforts were financed, in part, through royalty-bearing and non-royalty-bearing grants from the IIA. As of March 31, 2024, we received IIA royalty-bearing grants totaling approximately $1.25 million of which approximately $0.12 million of such amount has been repaid. In addition, as of March 31, 2024, we received IIA non-royalty-bearing grants totaling approximately $1.12 million.

We are committed to pay royalties to the IIA at a rate of approximately 1.0% to 3.5% on sales proceeds from our products (and related know-how and services) that were developed, in whole or in part, using the IIA royalty-bearing grants we received under IIA programs, up to the total amount of royalty-bearing grants received, linked to the U.S. dollar and bearing annual interest at rates prescribed by the IIA’s rules and guidelines.

We may in the future apply to receive additional grants from the IIA. However, we cannot predict whether we will be entitled to any future grants, or the amounts of any such grants.

In general, the Innovation Law requires, among other things, that the products developed as part of the programs under which the grants were given be manufactured in Israel and restricts the ability to transfer know-how funded by the IIA outside of Israel. A transfer for the purpose of the Innovation Law is generally interpreted very broadly and includes, among other things, any sale of the IIA-funded know-how, any license to develop the IIA-funded know-how or the products resulting from such IIA-funded know-how or any other transaction, which, in essence, constitutes a transfer of IIA-funded know-how. The transfer of IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel requires prior approval and may be subject to payment of a redemption fee to the IIA, calculated in accordance with a formula provided under the Innovation Law (which is subject to a cap of six times the total amount of the IIA grants received, plus interest). These restrictions may impair our ability to sell, license or otherwise transfer IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel.

In general, manufacturing products developed with IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel also requires prior approval from the IIA. Even if we do receive approval to manufacture products developed with IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel, such transfer of manufacturing capacity outside of Israel may be subject to an increase in the amount of royalties payable, depending on the manufacturing volume that is performed outside of Israel, and to an increase in the rate of royalties. This restriction may impair our ability to outsource manufacturing or engage in our own manufacturing operations for those products or technologies.

The restrictions under the Innovation Law (including with respect to the restriction of the transfer of IIA-funded know-how and manufacturing outside of Israel) continue to apply even after payment of the full amount of royalties payable in respect of grants. However, upon payment of the redemption fee on a transfer of IIA-funded know-how outside Israel, the obligations towards the IIA (including the obligation to pay royalties) and restrictions under the Innovation Law cease to apply.

We cannot be certain that any approval of the IIA will be obtained on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. We may not receive the required approvals should we wish to transfer IIA-funded know-how and/or manufacture products developed with IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel in the future. Furthermore, in the event that we undertake a transaction involving the transfer to a non-Israeli entity of IIA-funded know-how pursuant to a merger or similar transaction, the consideration available to our shareholders may be reduced by the amounts we are required to pay to the IIA. If we fail to satisfy the conditions of the Innovation Law, we may be required to refund the amounts of the grants previously received, together with interest and penalties, and may become subject to criminal charges.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements concerning our business, operations and financial performance and condition, as well as our plans, objectives and expectations for our business operations and financial performance and condition. Any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical facts may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “aim,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “due,” “estimate,” “expect,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “plan,” “predict,” “potential,” “positioned,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and other similar expressions that are predictions of or indicate future events and future trends, or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•        our ability to scale up upon our operations, including market acceptance of our vision and light control products;

•        the amount and timing of future sales;

•        our ability to meet technical and quality specifications;

•        our ability to accurately estimate the future supply and demand for our light and vision control products and changes to various factors in our supply chain;

•        the market for adoption vision and light control technologies;

•        existing regulations and regulatory developments in the United States and other jurisdictions;

•        our plans and ability to obtain or protect intellectual property rights, including extensions of patent terms where available and our ability to avoid infringing the intellectual property rights of others;

•        the need to hire additional personnel and our ability to attract and retain such personnel;

•        our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

•        our dependence on third parties;

•        our financial performance;

•        the growth of regulatory requirements and incentives;

•        risks related to product liability claims or product recalls;

•        the overall global economic environment;

•        the impact of competition and new technologies;

•        our plans to continue to invest in research and develop technology for new products;

•        our plans to potentially acquire complementary businesses;

•        the impact of any resurgence of COVID-19 or any of its variants or any other pandemic on our business and on the business of our customers;

•        security, political and economic instability in the Middle East that could harm our business, including due to the current war between Israel and Hamas; and

•        the increased expenses associated with us being a public company.

Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s current expectations, estimates, forecasts and projections about our business and the industry in which we operate and our management’s beliefs and assumptions, and are not guarantees of future performance or development and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that are in some cases beyond our control. As a result, any or all of our forward-looking statements in this prospectus may turn out to be inaccurate. Important factors that may cause actual results to differ materially

from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Potential investors are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements. You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

Forward-looking statements included in this prospectus speak only as of the date of this prospectus. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or will occur. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future. You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the SEC after the date of this prospectus. See “Where You Can Find Additional Information.” We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds from the sale of ordinary shares in this offering will be approximately $65.98 million, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, based on an assumed initial public offering price of $18.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. If the underwriters exercise their option to purchase up to an additional 625,000 ordinary shares in full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $76.44 million, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $18.00 per ordinary share would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, by $3.875 million, assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same. We may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares we are offering. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million in the number of ordinary shares we are offering would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, by $16.74 million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price stays the same.

The principal purposes of this offering are to obtain additional working capital. We intend to use substantially all of the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, including the purchase of equipment and materials for the expansion of our production lines, research and development, advertising and marketing, technology development, working capital, operating expenses and other general corporate purposes.

We may also use a portion of the remaining net proceeds, if any, to acquire complementary businesses, products, services or technologies, although we have no binding agreements or commitments to do so at this time. Pending our application of the net proceeds from this offering, we plan to invest such proceeds in short-term, investment-grade, interest-bearing securities and depositary institutions.

The amount and timing of actual expenditures for these purposes may vary significantly and will depend on a number of factors, including our future revenue and cash generated by operations and the other factors described under “Risk Factors.” Accordingly, we will have broad discretion in deploying the net proceeds of this offering.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends to our shareholders and we do not anticipate or intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to finance operations and expand our business. Any future determination as to the payment of dividends will be at the discretion of the Board and will depend on a number of factors, among other things, our financial condition, results of operations, current and anticipated cash needs and availability and other factors that the Board may consider to be relevant.

The Companies Law imposes further restrictions on our ability to declare and pay dividends. See “Description of Share Capital — Dividend and Liquidation Rights” for additional information. Our ability to declare and pay dividends may also be limited by covenants of existing and any future outstanding indebtedness we incur.

Payment of dividends may be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “Taxation — Material Israeli Tax Considerations” for additional information.

CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of March 31, 2024:

•        on an actual basis;

•        on a pro forma basis to give effect to (i) the adoption of our amended and restated articles of association immediately prior to the consummation of this offering and (ii) (a) the conversion of all of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares into an aggregate of 4,693,318 ordinary shares, (b) the issuance of 496,244 ordinary shares upon the exercise warrants in connection with this offering that were originally issued in our convertible loan agreements and Israeli bank financing and (c) the issuance of 3,882,178 ordinary shares upon the conversion of loan amounts under our convertible loan agreements, each assuming an initial public offering price per share of $18.00, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, as if such conversions and exercises had occurred on March 31, 2024;

•        on a pro forma as adjusted basis to give effect to (i) the pro forma adjustments described above, and (ii) the additional issuance and sale of 4,166,667 ordinary shares in this offering, at an assumed public offering price of $18.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, as if the sale of ordinary shares had occurred on March 31, 2024.

The pro forma as adjusted information set forth in the table below is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

You should read this table in conjunction with the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and their accompanying notes and other financial information contained in this prospectus.

The pro forma as adjusted information discussed above is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of our initial public offering determined at pricing. Each $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $18.00 per ordinary share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the pro forma as adjusted amount of each of cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, shareholders’ equity (capital deficiency) and total capitalization by $3.88 million, assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase (decrease) of 1.0 million ordinary shares offered by us at the assumed initial public offering price would increase (decrease) each cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, shareholders’ equity (capital deficiency) and total capitalization by $16.74 million.

The number of ordinary shares issued and outstanding pro forma and pro forma as adjusted in the table above is based on 5,277,268 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024, together with the conversion of all of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares into an aggregate of (i) 4,693,318 ordinary shares, (ii) the issuance of 496,244 ordinary shares upon the exercise of warrants upon consummation of this offering that were originally issued in our convertible loan agreements and Israeli bank financing and (iii) the issuance of 3,882,178 ordinary shares upon the conversion of loan amounts under our convertible loan agreements, upon consummation of this offering, assuming an initial public offering price per share of $18.00, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus, and excludes the following:

•        1,772,273 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of warrants to purchase ordinary shares outstanding as of such date;

•        1,298,595 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of options to directors, employees and consultants under our 2016 Share Award Plan outstanding as of such date, at a weighted average exercise price of $0.07, of which 879,065 were vested as of such date; and

•        394,927 ordinary shares reserved for future issuance as of such date under our 2016 Share Award Plan.

DILUTION

If you invest in our ordinary shares in this offering, your interest will be immediately diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ordinary share in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share.

As of March 31, 2024, we had a historical net tangible book value of $(127.1) million, or $(24.08) per ordinary share. Our net tangible book value per share represents total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding on March 31, 2024.

Our pro forma net tangible book value as of March 31, 2024 was $(46.85) million, or $(3.27) per ordinary share. Pro forma net tangible book value per share represents total tangible assets less total liabilities, divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2024 after giving effect to the conversion of all of our outstanding redeemable convertible preferred shares as of March 31, 2024 into an aggregate of 4,693,318 ordinary shares, the issuance of 496,244 ordinary shares upon the exercise of warrants in connection with this offering that were originally issued in our convertible loan agreements and Israeli bank financing and the issuance of 3,882,178 ordinary shares upon the conversion of loan amounts under our convertible loan agreements, assuming an initial public offering price per share of $18.00, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover of this prospectus.

After giving further effect to the sale of ordinary shares in this offering at an assumed initial public offering price of $18.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value at March 31, 2024 would have been $1.03 per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $4.3 per share to existing shareholders and immediate dilution of $16.97 per ordinary share to new investors. Dilution for this purpose represents the difference between the price per ordinary share paid by these purchasers and pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per ordinary share immediately after the completion of this offering.

The following table illustrates this dilution per ordinary share:

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted information is illustrative only and we will adjust this information based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing.

A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $18.00 per ordinary share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2024 after this offering by approximately $0.21 per ordinary share, and would increase (decrease) dilution to investors in this offering by $(0.21) per ordinary share, assuming that the number of ordinary shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. We may also increase or decrease the number of ordinary shares we are offering. An increase (decrease) of 1.0 million in the number of ordinary shares we are offering would increase (decrease) our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of March 31, 2024 after this offering by approximately $0.8 per ordinary share, and would decrease (increase) dilution to investors in this offering by approximately $(0.9) per ordinary share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price per ordinary share remains the same, after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional ordinary shares, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value will increase to $1.55 per ordinary share, representing an immediate increase in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value to existing shareholders of $0.52 per ordinary share and an immediate dilution of $16.45 per ordinary share to new investors participating in this offering.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements including the related notes thereto, beginning on page F-1 of this prospectus. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should read the sections of this prospectus titled “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from our expectations.

Overview

We are a fully-integrated light and vision control company, transforming the way we experience our everyday environments. Our cutting-edge nanotechnology and electronics capabilities in light control, and our mechatronics and image analysis technologies in vision control, are revolutionizing mobility and architectural end-markets. We have established distinct leadership positions across these large and high-growth markets, where our technologies are replacing traditional mechanical products, such as shades, blinds and mirrors, with advanced and sustainable solutions offering superior functionality. Our key products include SPD LC films for smart glass applications, as well as CMS and other ADAS solutions. We have established serial production capabilities, either directly or through sub-contracts, with leading aerospace, automotive and architecture companies including Boeing, Honda, Mercedes, Ford, BMW, and Avery Dennison. We benefit from both secular and regulatory tailwinds that are driving the rapid adoption of light and vision control technologies. In addition to our core markets, we believe that our products may have a multitude of tangible applications in other areas such as railway, maritime, specialty vehicle, private security and consumer appliances.

We aim to deliver a full suite of proprietary technologies that offer superior performance attributes by leveraging our differentiated technical capabilities and market insights, a competitive advantage we maintain through our core research and development and innovation organization. We have a comprehensive product offering with multiple complementary light and vision control technologies, enabling us to provide a full range of solutions for light and vision control across diverse markets, applications and geographies. Our vertically integrated in-house production capabilities enable us to offer our products at various stages in the supply chain based on the specific business needs of our customers. For example, we have the capability to simultaneously sell films to glass fabricators, prefabricated stacks to Tier 1 glass manufacturers and, in certain instances, full window systems to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs.

In light control, our product offerings include smart glass and films that switch from transparent to opaque, controllable dimmable shading, and transparent displays for digital signage and communication. Our light control products allow the user to regulate privacy, solar heat gain, and UV protection. In vision control, we are a leading Tier 1 supplier of ADAS solutions for trucks, buses and coaches, designed to create a safer and more comfortable driving experience. Our unique ADAS offerings remove the need for side- and rear-view mirrors, instead providing the driver with a real-time video display and alerts to reduce blind spots and potential driving hazards.

We enjoy close, collaborative relationships with many OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers, film processors and glass fabricators who rely on our technologies. During the product development process, we customize our solutions to ensure they meet our customers’ requirements and are ultimately certified for production. In aerospace, we are a leading Tier 1 supplier for the commercial airline, business jet and helicopter segments, providing fully-manufactured smart glass and advanced shading solutions directly to our customers. We hold a leading market position in cockpit shading systems for commercial airliners and business jets. We are in serial production for cabin shades, either directly or through sub-contracts, with seven business jet OEMs, including Embraer, HondaJet, Bombardier, Gulfstream, Daher and Beechcraft. Furthermore, we have successfully leveraged the technology and mechatronics expertise we have developed as a Tier 1 aerospace supplier to provide additional differentiated products and services to the automotive and architecture markets.

In the automotive and architectural markets, we are a leading Tier 2 supplier of light control technologies. Our unique business model enables automotive and architectural glass fabricators globally to manufacture smart glass that is integrated with our films and electronics. In the automotive segment, OEMs incorporate our technology in glass rooftops, side windows and windshields to replace conventional mechanical sun visors and shades. In the architectural market, we serve all major segments including commercial, retail, residential, healthcare and hospitality for both interior and exterior applications. In the commercial vehicle segment, we are a Tier 1 supplier and one of the market leaders in vision control technologies, including CMS and ADAS systems for the truck, bus and coach market.

We are strategically located in close proximity to our customers. This geographic competitive advantage deepens local customer relationships, enhances commercial innovation, optimizes customer support, shortens supply chains and enables us to deliver our technologies quickly and efficiently around the world. As a result, the typical customer contract length is 15 to over 30 years for customers in our aeronautics segment, approximately eight years for customers in our automotive segment and five to ten years for customers in our safety tech segment. We operate production facilities in Israel, France, Germany and the United States, with sales, marketing and fulfilment centers in 15 locations throughout the globe. We sell our products in over 30 countries through both direct fulfilment and a network of expertly trained and certified distribution channels.

We serve a broad range of end-markets and geographies, enabling us to benefit from a diversified base of revenues. In 2023, we generated approximately 22.5% of our revenue in the United States, 21.7% in Europe (excluding France), 45.8% in France, 1.4% in Israel, and 4.6% in Asia, with the remaining 4.0% generated in other countries across the world. In the same period, we generated approximately 43.4% of our revenue in the aerospace market, 38.1% in safety tech and commercial vehicle market and 18.5% in the automotive and architectural market combined. We also enjoy a diverse customer base, with no single customer representing more than 9.3% and 9.7% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 and three months ended March 31, 2024, respectively.

For more information regarding our business and operations, see the section entitled “Business” below.

Business Combination

On February 7, 2021, we entered into the share purchase agreement in connection with the Business Combination with the Sellers. The Closing Date of the Business Combination was January 26, 2022. The consideration for the Business Combination consisted of $23.7 million (€21.0 million) in cash, the repayment of Vision Lite’s loans in an amount of approximately $12.9 million (€11.4 million) and contingent consideration of up to $5.6 million (€5.0 million), contingent on the future revenues of Vision Lite. On the Closing Date, an amount of $9.4 million (€8.4 million) was paid in cash to the Sellers, $9.4 million (€8.4 million) was paid to the escrow agent and released thereafter to the Sellers on April 12, 2022, $3.4 million (€3.0 million) was paid to the Sellers on April 28, 2022 and May 11, 2022, respectively. In addition, on May 4, 2022, $1.3 million (€1.2 million) of the consideration was paid into escrow for the purposes of providing indemnification for claims of breach of representations by the Sellers. On January 15, 2023, the $1.3 million (€1.2 million) in escrow was released to the Sellers and invested in the Company in consideration for 9,643 Preferred D Shares. In addition, $12.9 million (€11.4 million) was used to pay off the remainder of Vision Lite’s loans. As of the Closing Date, we became the sole shareholder of Vision Lite.

The Vision Lite SPA also contains the Earn Out Agreement with the Sellers. The earn out agreement requires the Company to pay the Sellers amounts ranging up to $5.6 million (€5.0 million), split into two payments of up to $2.8 million (€2.5 million) each, conditional on the annual revenue targets for the calendar years 2022 and 2023. In March 2022, the Earn Out Agreement was amended to include two payments of up to $3.4 million (€3.0 million) each, contingent on meeting annual revenue targets for the calendar years 2022 and 2023. In June 2023, the Earn Out Agreement was amended to re-allocate the payments amongst the Sellers and set forth a payment schedule with respect to the initial $3.4 million (€3.0 million) payment. With respect to the other $3.4 million (€3.0 million) payment, the target revenue that obligates us to pay an earn out amount to the Sellers was increased to €54.4 million. We met the annual revenue target for calendar year 2022. If any portion of the First Earn Out Payment or Second Earn Out Payment is not paid within 90 days of its relevant due date, then such amount shall bear interest at a rate of seven percent per annum. In December 2023, we further amended the Earn Out Agreement with respect to the Amendment Seller and paid $1.7 million (€1.5 million) of the First Earn Out Payment to the Amendment Seller and agreed to pay the remaining balance of $0.325 million (€0.3 million) of the First Earn Out Payment. In March 2024, we paid the remaining balance of the First Earn Out Payment to the Amended Seller and further amended the Earn Out Agreement such that we shall use our best efforts to pay the Amendment Seller the relevant portion of the Second Earn Out Payment, totaling $1.3 million (€1.15 million) by April 25, 2024. In the event that we do not pay such amount to the Amendment Seller by April 25, 2024, the Second Earn Out Payment shall increase to $1.4 million (€1.3 million).

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Driving customer adoption.    The adoption of light and vision control technologies is still in its early stages with significant runway for further penetration, and as a market leader, we believe that are well positioned to capitalize on the accelerating demand and market adoption by leveraging our best-in-class technologies and recent capacity expansions.

Acquiring new customers.    We are a key partner to our large and diversified customer base consisting of glass fabricators, film processors, automobile and aircraft OEMs, airlines and municipalities, among others. As part of our unique business model, we enable the glass industry to manufacture its own smart glass by providing fabricators with materials and technologies to manufacture locally. We manage a large network of glass fabricators worldwide, allowing us to support and grow with our end customers on a global basis and we intend to expand our network to capture further demand and market share over time. We plan to continue to sign new partnerships and win contracts with OEMs and suppliers as they expand their own product lines across the mobility and architecture markets and look for innovative technologies to differentiate their products. While we plan to build on our leadership in CMS technologies for the truck, bus and coach market, we are also focused on expanding our ADAS offering for commercial vehicles and believe we have a substantial opportunity with those customers given our ability to adapt our technologies to cater to the additional complexity that such vehicles require. Moreover, we plan to build on our dominant position amongst aircraft OEMs and completion centers to grow our network of airline customers given the increasing flexibility of airlines to exert more influence on cabin design decision-making.

Expanding our product portfolio and markets.    We embrace an entrepreneurial, R&D-centric mindset supported by our well-invested manufacturing platform and dedicated team with significant expertise in material science, mechatronics, image analysis and advanced manufacturing. We will continue to leverage these resources and capitalize on market and customer insights to expand our use cases through new innovative products and value-added features to drive growth. In particular, we emphasize engineering for tomorrow and believe that anticipating customer needs and preferences is an integral part of customer adoption. As a result, our business and engineering personnel become closely acquainted, and develop deep relationships, with our customers. These close customer relationships enable us to identify and forecast the needs of our customers and draw upon our intellectual property portfolio and expertise in technology research and development to create new products and successfully position our portfolio within the ever-changing business environment.

Leveraging our manufacturing and operational capabilities.    In recent years, we have made strategic investments to expand our manufacturing capabilities. We operate as a one-stop shop and are deeply involved across our products’ value chain, spanning across product development and nanoparticle synthesis through lamination and processing, enabling us to more effectively realize opportunities to reduce production costs and react faster to fluctuations in market demand. We believe there is an opportunity for significant margin expansion as we continue to scale our business and benefit from increased capacity utilization and fixed operating leverage. We also expect to benefit from improved purchasing power for our raw materials and components and continued manufacturing efficiencies and productivity initiatives driven by our research and development efforts both on the material science and engineering sides. As an example, we have successfully reduced LC film thickness from 25 microns to 20 microns enabling an approximately 20% reduction in material cost for select products and have also successfully doubled our LC line running speed. We have identified and have begun to implement additional projects that we expect will provide incremental net manufacturing productivity and improved margins in the coming years.

Acquisitions.    We believe we are well-positioned as an acquirer of choice due to our global presence, industry-recognized leadership in innovation, diverse manufacturing network and highly entrepreneurial, multi-cultural team with significant engineering and material science expertise. As a public company, we expect to have the added flexibility of financing future acquisitions through our public currency in addition to other funding sources. We have a proven track record with our successful acquisition and integration of Vision Lite in January 2022 and intend to target opportunities that strengthen our market position, expand our product portfolio, enhance our technologies and extend our manufacturing capabilities, including through vertical integration. In February 2023, we completed an acquisition of Resonac’s (formerly Hitachi Chemical) full SPD intellectual property portfolio and business, which included obtaining and learning the know-how with respect to Resonac’s technical and business information related to such acquired patents, another testament to our acquisition sourcing and execution capabilities.

Economic conditions and resulting business trends.    Our results of operations are impacted by the relative strength of the overall economy and its effect on business investment, unemployment, consumer spending behavior, and business and consumer demand. Our customers’ underlying business activities are also linked to the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment. Global supply chain disruptions, inflation, high energy prices and supply-demand imbalances are expected to continue in 2024. In addition, terrorism or other geopolitical events may increase the likelihood of supply chain interruptions and may impair our ability to compete in current or future

markets, or otherwise subject us to potential material liability. While we do not believe that our business segments, products, lines of service, projects or operations have been materially impacted by the global supply chain disruptions, we cannot guarantee that we will not be materially impacted by the economic uncertainty and volatility in the markets in the future. We cannot quantify such impact to our business at this moment, as we are an early growth stage company and have not yet commenced the mass production and sale of products. To mitigate supply chain risks we may face in the future, we aim to focus on Tier 1 suppliers located in close proximity to our production facilities and will seek to negotiate contracts with our suppliers that lock in price and delivery commitments. Since we are strategically located in close proximity to our customers, we have a geographic competitive advantage that deepens local customer relationships, enhances commercial innovation, optimizes customer support, shortens supply chains and enables us to deliver our technologies quickly and efficiently around the world.

Impact of supply chain disruptions on business operations.    In connection with the ongoing global supply chain disruption, we continue to work with our suppliers on (i) mitigating the effects of recent procurement shortages, (ii) negating the impacts on supply chain disruption on costs and (iii) effectively scheduling for key product developments. Mitigation steps undertaken by us include design modifications that utilize parts and materials that are more readily available and the expansion of our supply chain to form a wider procurement network to source products in short supply. To date, these mitigation steps have been successful at reducing the impact of supply chain disruptions while also maintaining our commitment to product quality and performance reliability. To date, no new material risks have emerged as a result of these mitigation steps. We anticipate these supply chain challenges will continue to exist over the near term and plan to continually employ mitigation strategies to reduce the impact on future product deliveries.

Key Business Metrics and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We monitor the key business metrics set forth below to help us evaluate growth trends, establish budgets, measure the effectiveness of our sales and marketing efforts, and assess operational efficiencies. Our key business metrics are revenue backlog, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow. Increases or decreases in our key performance metrics may not correspond with increases or decreases in our revenue.

The following table summarizes the key performance metrics that we use to evaluate our business for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023.

Revenue Backlog

Revenue backlog is a key business metric that we define as booked orders based on purchase orders or hard commitments (having a duration of less than one year) that have not been shipped yet or have been shipped but not yet recognized as revenue. We consider revenue backlog to be a useful metric for management and investors, because it is not affected by accounting standards, and, while its evaluated independently of our deferred revenue pursuant to our revenue recognition policy, it can be an important indicator of our expected recognized revenue for the periods following the measurement date. Our revenue backlog as of March 31, 2024 was approximately $36.9 million, compared to revenue backlog of approximately $26.4 million as of March 31, 2023. Our revenue backlog as of December 31, 2023 was approximately $32.7 million, compared to revenue backlog of approximately $19.7 million as of December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in sales in 2023 in our aeronautics and safety tech business units compared to 2022. See “Prospectus Summary — Summary Historical and Pro Forma Consolidated Financial Data” for information regarding the limitations of using revenue backlog as a financial measure.

EBITDA

EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial metric that we define as our net loss excluding net financial expense, tax expense and depreciation and amortization. Our EBITDA is approximately $(26.3) million and $(26.8) million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. This was primarily driven by operating expenses, including our share-based compensation, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and sales and marketing expenses. Our EBITDA decreased from $(4.2) million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $(8.1) million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by increases in operating expenses, including our share-based compensation, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and sales and marketing expenses, partially offset by the higher gross profit in the three months ended March 31, 2024. See “Prospectus Summary — Summary Historical and Pro Forma Consolidated Financial Data” for information regarding the limitations of using EBITDA as a financial measure and for a reconciliation of EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Margin

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial metric that we define as EBITDA (as defined above) excluding acquisition related costs, one-time expenses and equity-based compensation expenses. Our Adjusted EBITDA decreased from $(20.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $(20.7) million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily driven by increases in operating expenses, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and sales and marketing expenses, partially offset by the higher gross profit in 2023. Our Adjusted EBITDA decreased from $(2.8) million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $(4.8) million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by increases in operating expenses, research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and sales and marketing expenses, partially offset by the higher gross profit in the three months ended March 31, 2024. See “Prospectus Summary — Summary Historical and Pro Forma Consolidated Financial Data” for information regarding the limitations of using Adjusted EBITDA as a financial measure and for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to its most directly comparable GAAP measure.

We define Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA for the period divided by revenue for the same period. Our Adjusted EBITDA Margin increased from (40.8%) for the year ended December 31, 2022 to (26.5%) for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily driven by increase in revenue year-on-year. Our Adjusted EBITDA Margin decreased from (16.1%) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to (19.2%) for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by decrease in gross profit margin.

The following table reconciles Adjusted EBITDA in each of our three operating segments: architecture and automotive, safety tech and aeronautics for each of the periods presented:

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

____________

(1)      One-time expenses related to the Earn Out Agreement with the Sellers.

(2)      Doubtful debt expenses related to accounts receivable that we do not expect to collect; such amounts are not included in our net trade receivables.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

____________

(1)      One-time expenses related to the Earn Out Agreement with the Sellers.

(2)      Doubtful debt expenses related to accounts receivable that we do not expect to collect; such amounts are not included in our net trade receivables.

Free Cash Flow

Free Cash Flow is a non-GAAP financial metric that we define as net cash used in operating activities less capital expenditures. Our Free Cash Flow decreased from $(33.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $(37.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease was primarily driven by increase of operating activities in the amount of $(1.3) million and additional capex investments in the amount of $(2.6) million. Our Free Cash Flow decreased from $(5.4) million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 to $(8.4) million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. This decrease was primarily driven by increase of operating activities. See “Prospectus Summary — Summary Historical and Pro Forma Consolidated Financial Data” for information regarding the limitations of using Free Cash Flow as a financial measure.

The following table shows the breakdown of our historical capital expenditures and growth capital expenditures for each of the periods presented:

We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are useful in evaluating our business as a way of assisting an investor in evaluating future cash flows of the business.

Components of Operating Results

The period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations have been prepared using the historical periods included in our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this document.

Revenues

We primarily derive revenue mainly from the sale of cockpit and cabin shading in our aeronautics segment, the sale of ADAS technology and driver safety doors in our safety tech segment, and the sale of SPD and LC films for smart glass applications in our architecture and automotive segments.

We expect revenue to increase over time as we expand our customer base. We expect that our revenue will fluctuate from period to period due to new product offerings, varying branding and sales activities, entrance into new end-markets and market segments and evolving policies and regulations in the United States and Europe.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues mainly consists of raw materials used in the production line for our products, shipping and handling costs, salary of headcount related to production, employee-related expenses and overhead expenses of internal assembly line and service costs. Cost of revenues also consists of royalties to the IIA.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses include costs directly attributable to the conduct of research and development programs, including the cost of payroll taxes and other employee benefits, lab expenses, consumable equipment and consulting fees. We received royalty-bearing grants, which represents participation of the IIA in approved programs for research and development. These grants are recognized as a reduction of research and development expenses as the related costs are incurred.

Research credit tax granted by the French Government is recognized when the tax credit becomes receivable, provided there is reasonable assurance that Vision Lite will comply with the conditions attributed to this credit and there is reasonable assurance the credit will be received. The tax credit is deducted from research and development expenses as the applicable costs are incurred.

We expect to continue to invest in research and development to enhance our solutions and offerings to our customers, including hiring additional employees and continuing research and development projects. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods and vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including share-based compensation related to directors and employees, facility costs, office space rental costs, patent application and maintenance expenses, external professional service costs, including legal, accounting, audit, finance, business development, investor relations, and human resource services, and other consulting fees.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods, primarily due to increased headcount to support anticipated growth in the business and due to incremental costs associated with operating as a public company, including costs to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a securities exchange and costs related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC and stock exchange listing standards, public relations, insurance and professional services.

Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses include employee-related expenses, such as salaries and share-based compensation, expenses relating to outsourced and contracted services, such as subcontractor, advertising and exhibition expenses, public relations and websites costs.

We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we expand our commercial sales, marketing and business development teams; increase our presence globally; and increase marketing activities to drive awareness and adoption of our products. While these expenses may vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue, we expect these expenses to increase as a percentage of sales in the short term as we continue to grow our commercial organization to drive anticipated growth in the business.

Financial expenses

The finance expenses consisted primarily of change in fair value of investments, warrants and financial liabilities measured at fair value, interest expenses on loans and exchange rate differences expenses.

Income Taxes

Income taxes primarily consist of income taxes from our subsidiaries in Germany, the United States and China.

Basis of Presentation

We currently conduct our business and report our financial results through three operating segments: architecture and automotive, safety tech and aeronautics.

Results of Operations

The period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations have been prepared using the historical periods included in our consolidated financial statements. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this document. We have derived this data from our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Three Months Ended March 31, 2024 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023

Revenues

Revenues increased by approximately $7.3 million, or 41.9%, to $24.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $17.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in the volume of sales from existing and new customer accounts, primarily in aeronautics and safety-tech segments.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues increased by approximately $5.7 million, or 45.0%, to $18.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $12.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from an increase of $4.9 million in materials costs consist with the higher sales activity, and an increase of $1.0 million in payroll and related expenses, including share-based compensation, primarily due to an increase in salaries and an increase in the number of operational and production employees.

Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

Gross profit increased by approximately $1.6 million, or 33%, to $6.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from the increase in revenue from the corresponding quarterly period.

Gross profit margin represents our gross profit as a percentage of our revenue. Gross profit margin decreased by approximately 2% to 25% for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to 27% for the three months ended March 31, 2023.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, our gross profit margin was 44.1%, (30)%, 29.2% and 12.8% in our aeronautics, automotive, architecture and safety tech segments, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, our gross profit margin was 34.9%, (29.4)%, 34.3% and 16.9% in our aeronautics, automotive, architecture and safety tech segments, respectively.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $0.9 million, or 27.2%, to $4.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $3.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in payroll and related expenses in the amount of $0.5 million, which was primarily due to an increase in salaries and an increase in the number of research and development employees and an increase in materials costs in the amount of $0.3 million.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $3.5 million, or 134.6%, to $6.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in payroll and related expenses, including share-based compensation, in the amount of $2.4 million and by an increase in professional services costs in the amount of $0.4 million.

Sales and marketing expenses

Sales and marketing expenses increased by approximately $1.4 million, or 47.4%, to $4.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $2.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in payroll and related expenses, including share-based compensation, in the amount of $0.7 million, an increase in rent and maintenance costs in the amount of $0.4 million and an increase in professional services costs in the amount of $0.2 million.

Other expenses

Other expenses decreased by approximately $0.33 million, or 93%, to $0.03 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $0.36 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023, reflecting changes in the fair value of contingent consideration resulting from the Vision Lite acquisition.

Financial expenses, net

Financial expenses, net decreased by approximately $9.4 million, or 72.5%, to $3.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $12.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. This decrease was mainly due to a decrease of $10.2 million in the fair value of warrants and financial liabilities measured at fair value, a decrease of $0.9 million in loss from investment, off-set by an increase of $1.5 million in interest expense on loans and long-term debt.

Net loss

Net loss decreased by approximately $5.3 million, or 28.5%, to $13.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, compared to $18.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease in our financial expenses.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

Revenues

Revenues increased by approximately $29.0 million, or 59.0%, to $78.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $49.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The significant increase resulted mainly from revenues increases of $13.7 million from the aeronautics segment and $11.2 million from the safety-tech segment, as well as an increase in the volume of sales from existing and new customer accounts in the amount of $4.1 million from the architecture and automotive segment.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues increased by approximately $18.7 million, or 47.5%, to $58.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $39.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The significant increase resulted mainly from an increase of $16.7 million in materials costs consistent with the higher sales activity, an increase of $1.9 million in rent and maintenance expenses and an increase of $1.5 million in payroll and related expenses, including share-based compensation, primarily due to an increase in salaries and an increase in the number of operational and production employees, offset by a decrease of $1.4 million in other expenses.

Gross Profit and Gross Profit Margin

Gross profit increased by approximately $10.2 million, or 106%, to $19.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted mainly from the increase in revenue year-on-year.

Gross profit margin represents our gross profit as a percentage of our revenue. Gross profit margin increased by approximately 6% to 26% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 20% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our gross profit margin was 36.1%, 26.3% and 17.6% in our aeronautics, automotive and architecture and safety tech segments, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our gross profit margin was 27.3%, 27.5% and 13.4% in our aeronautics, automotive and architecture and safety tech segments, respectively.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses increased by approximately $3.8 million, or 31.3%, to $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in payroll and related expenses, including share-based compensation, in the amount of $1.3 million, primarily due to an increase in the number of research and development employees and an increase in salaries, an increase in material costs in the amount of $0.8 million and an increase in rent and maintenance costs in the amount of $0.7 million.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses increased by approximately $3.3 million or 25.9%, to $16.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to approximately $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in payroll and related expenses, including share-based compensation, in the amount of $2.1 million and an increase in rent and maintenance expenses in the amount of $1.1 million.

Sales and marketing expenses

Sale and marketing expenses increased by approximately $4.6 million, or 43.1%, to $15.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $10.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase resulted mainly from an increase in payroll and related expenses, including share-based compensation, in the amount of $2.4 million, an increase of $1.2 million in subcontractors and professional services costs and an increase in rent and maintenance costs in the amount of $0.8 million.

Other expenses

Other expenses totaled $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and reflects changes in fair value of contingent consideration, resulting from the Vision Lite acquisition.

Financial expenses, net

Financial expenses, net increased by approximately $41.6 million, or 760.5%, to $47.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was mainly due to an increase of $29.3 million in the fair value of warrants and financial liabilities measured at fair value, an increase of $9.1 million in interest expense on loans, convertible loans and long-term debt and an increase in the loss from investment related to RFI shares in the amount of $2.0 million.

Net loss

Net loss increased by approximately $41.4 million, or 109.1%, to $79.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $37.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was mainly due to the increase in our costs of revenues, research and development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and financial expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

Our capital requirements will depend on many factors, including sales volume, the timing and extent of spending to expand our production capabilities, support research and development efforts, investments in information technology systems, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, increased costs as we continue to hire additional personnel, and market adoption of new and enhanced products and features. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had a net loss of $79.3 million and $37.9 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we had a net loss of $13.2 million and $18.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and March 31, 2024, our cash, cash equivalents totaled $4.6 million and $2.4 million, respectively.

To date, our principal sources of liquidity have been proceeds from our private offerings of our convertible securities, proceeds from the issuance of SAFEs and proceeds from loans and credit facilities.

Based on our current business plan, we believe our current cash and cash equivalents, anticipated cash flow from operations and credit facilities, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements over at least the next 12 months from the date of this prospectus. Even after completion of this offering, we may need to raise additional capital before we can expect to become profitable from sales of our light and vision control products and may raise additional capital to expand our business, to pursue strategic investments, to take advantage of financing opportunities or for other reasons.

If we are required to raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, dilution of shareholders may result. Any debt or equity securities issued may also have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of holders of our ordinary shares. The terms of debt securities or borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. The credit market and financial services industry have in the past, and may in the future, experience periods of uncertainty that could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing.

We have lease obligations and other contractual obligations and commitments as part of our ordinary course of business. See “Note 9: Operating Leases” to our consolidated financial statements for information about our lease obligations. We did not have during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements involving commitments or obligations, including contingent obligations, arising from arrangements with unconsolidated entities or persons that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, cash requirements or capital resources.

Capital Expenditures

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we made capital expenditures of $5.9 million and $3.7 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, we made capital expenditures of $1.4 million and $1.4 million, respectively. These capital expenditures mainly include expenditures related to leasehold improvements and demonstrations.

Government Grants

Our research and development efforts were financed, in part, through royalty-bearing and non-royalty-bearing grants from the IIA. As of March 31, 2024, we received IIA royalty-bearing grants totaling approximately $1.25 million of which approximately $0.12 million of such amount has been repaid. In addition, as of March 31, 2024, we received IIA non-royalty-bearing grants totaling approximately $1.12 million.

We are committed to pay royalties to the IIA at a rate of approximately 1.0% to 3.5% on sales proceeds from our products (and know-how and related services) that were developed, in whole or in part, using the IIA royalty-bearing grants we received under IIA programs up to the total amount of royalty-bearing grants received, linked to the U.S. dollar and bearing annual interest at rates prescribed by the IIA’s rules and guidelines.

We may in the future apply to receive additional grants from the IIA. However, we cannot predict whether we will be entitled to any future grants, or the amounts of any such grants.

Under the Innovation Law, research and development programs that meet specified criteria and are approved by a committee of the IIA are eligible for grants. A company that receives a royalty-bearing grant from the IIA is typically required to pay royalties to the IIA on income generated from products incorporating IIA-funded know-how (including income derived from services associated with such products and from IIA-funded know-how), up to 100% of the U.S. dollar-linked royalty-bearing grant amount plus interest.

The obligation to pay royalties is contingent on actual income generated from such products and services. In the absence of such income, no payment of royalties is required.

In general, the Innovation Law requires that the products developed as part of the programs under which the grants were given be manufactured in Israel, unless prior approval is attained from the IIA (such approval is not required for the transfer of a portion of the manufacturing capacity which does not exceed, in the aggregate, 10% of the manufacturing (in which case only notification is required, however, the IIA has a right to deny such transfer

within 30 days following the receipt of such notice)). In general, the transfer of manufacturing capacity outside of Israel may be subject to an increase in the amount of royalties payable (depending on the manufacturing volume to be performed outside Israel) and to an increase in the rate of royalties.

The Innovation Law also restricts the ability to transfer IIA-funded know outside of Israel. A transfer for the purpose of the Innovation Law is generally interpreted very broadly and includes, among other things, any sale of the IIA-funded know-how, any license to develop the IIA-funded know-how or the products resulting from such IIA-funded know-how or any other transaction, which, in essence, constitutes a transfer of IIA-funded know-how. This limitation does not restrict the export of products that incorporate IIA-funded know-how. A transfer of IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel requires prior approval and may be subject to payment of a redemption fee to the IIA, calculated in accordance with a formula provided under the Innovation Law. The redemption fee is subject to a cap of six times the total amount of the IIA grants, plus interest.

Subject to prior approval of the IIA, we may transfer the IIA-funded know-how to another Israeli company. If the IIA-funded know-how is transferred to another Israeli entity, the transfer would still require IIA approval but will not be subject to the payment of the redemption fee (however, there may be an obligation to pay royalties to the IIA from the income of such sale transaction as part of the royalty payment obligation). In such case, the acquiring company would have to assume all of the applicable restrictions and obligations towards the IIA (including the restrictions on the transfer of know-how and manufacturing outside of Israel) as a condition to the IIA’s approval.

The restrictions under the Innovation Law, including restrictions on the transfer of IIA-funded know-how and manufacturing outside of Israel, continue to apply even after the payment of the full amount of royalties in respect of grants. However, upon payment of the redemption fee on a transfer of IIA-funded know-how outside Israel, the obligations towards the IIA (including the obligation to pay royalties) and restrictions under the Innovation Law cease to apply.

We cannot be certain that any approval of the IIA will be obtained on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. We may not receive the required approvals should we wish to transfer IIA-funded know-how and/or manufacture products developed with IIA-funded know-how outside of Israel in the future. Furthermore, in the event that we undertake a transaction involving the transfer to a non-Israeli entity of IIA-funded know-how pursuant to a merger or similar transaction, the consideration available to our shareholders may be reduced by the amounts we are required to pay to the IIA. If we fail to satisfy the conditions of the Innovation Law, we may be required to refund the amounts of the grants previously received, together with interest and penalties, and may become subject to criminal charges.

Indebtedness

Israeli Bank Loans

During 2020, we entered into a loan agreement with an Israeli bank in the amount of $0.5 million, or the 2020 Loan. The annual interest rate was Libor + 10.5% and the loan was to be repaid in 30 monthly payments beginning in March 2021. As part of the terms of the loan, we issued to the bank warrants to purchase 4,180 series C preferred shares at an exercise price of $14.35 per share and exercisable for eight years commencing from the date of the loan. In addition, under the terms of the warrant, the holder has the right to receive an alternative payment of $60,000 in lieu of shares in the event of an IPO or certain liquidity events, or if the holder is required under certain circumstances to exercise the warrant.

On October 19, 2021, we entered into an additional loan facility agreement with an Israeli bank, pursuant to which we borrowed an aggregate loan amount of $3 million, which bore interest at a rate of 4.2% per annum, or the 2021 Loan. The 2021 Loan was to be repaid no later than March 31, 2022. As part of the terms of the 2021 Loan, we issued to the bank warrants to purchase up to 5,792 shares of the most senior class of our shares existing as of a date determined pursuant to the terms thereof (i.e., our series D preferred shares), at an exercise price of $31.08 per share and exercisable for eight years commencing from the date of the loan. The 2020 Loan, and 2021 Loan were secured by first ranking floating and fixed charges on substantially all of our tangible and intangible assets including intellectual property as well as first-priority fixed charge on all of our financial assets within our bank account. The loan agreements governing the bank loans contained certain financial covenants, including that we

must maintain a minimum aggregate cash balance deposited in the bank of the higher of $0.3 million or 20% from the 2021 loan balance and 33% of other existing loans balances. As of December 31, 2023, the restricted amount from our marketable securities was $1.9 million.

In January 2022, the bank loans were repaid in full following the signing of the Facility Agreement described below. Following the signing of the Facility Agreement, inter alia, the commitments under the Company’s loans with an Israeli bank in an amount of $3.7 million were repaid except for: (i) the three outstanding warrants issued to the bank; (ii) a loan agreement dated May 13, 2020, pursuant to which the Company borrowed an aggregate loan amount of NIS 2.1 million; (iii) a pledge dated January 23, 2018 registered on February 2, 2018 and a pledge dated May 13, 2020 registered on June 8, 2020, and (iv) a fee to be paid to the bank in case of an exit event.

Convertible Loan Agreements

During the first quarter of 2020, we entered into convertible loan agreements, or the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements, with three lenders, or the CLA Lenders, pursuant to which the CLA Lenders agreed to loan us a sum of $2.55 million, or the Loan Amount. The 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements were issued with accompanying warrants to purchase series C shares and bear 10% annual interest and matured on July 31, 2021. If the Loan Amount is repaid or converted prior to the maturity date, the interest will be calculated as of the maturity date and not the actual repayment or conversion date. During January 2021, one of the CLA Lenders converted its 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement into 15,008 series C preferred shares, for an amount of $230,000 including accrued interest. As a result of the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement having converted into series C preferred shares in January 2021, such CLA Lender’s warrants expired according to their terms.

During March 2020, we entered into an additional convertible loan agreement, or the Subsequent 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement, with a lender (pursuant to which the lender agreed to loan us a sum of $3 million). The Subsequent 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement was issued with warrants to purchase preferred C shares and bore 8% annual interest with a maturity date of March 25, 2022. In September 2020, as a result of a Qualified Financing, the lender converted the Subsequent Loan Amount into 217,025 series C preferred shares, out of which 205,539 series C preferred shares were issued in September 2020 and 11,487 Series C preferred shares, were issued in April 2021. As a result of the Subsequent 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement having converted into series C preferred shares in September 2020, its warrants expired according to their terms.

In October 2021, we entered into an amendment to the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements whereby the two remaining CLA Lenders under such 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements agreed to amend the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements such that: (i) the maturity date was extended to July 31, 2022, (ii) the interest on the loan should be accrued and be compounded on a quarterly basis commencing August 1, 2021, (iii) repayment of the loan shall only occur upon 60 days’ prior written notice by the Company to the CLA Lenders, (iv) to the extent we are unable to repay the loan by the amended maturity date, the CLA Lenders shall agree to a further extension, and (v) the amendment shall take effect from July 15, 2021.

In January 2022, the two remaining CLA Lenders agreed with the lenders under the Facility Agreement that the rights of the CLA Lenders are subordinated in favor of the lenders under the Facility Agreement, including not having any rights to receive or to demand any amounts payable to them under the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements (other than conversion into shares) until the obligations under the Facility Agreement have been discharged in full.

In July 2022, the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement and the accompanying warrants were further amended in order to extend the term of the underlying loan, or the July 2022 CLA Amendment. Under the July 2022 CLA Amendment, the final date for repayment was amended and extended for an additional twelve (12) months to July 31, 2023. In addition, as of August 1, 2022, the interest was amended to reflect a net interest rate of twelve percent (12%) per annum, compounded on a quarterly basis, which shall be due and payable upon either repayment or conversion of the loan in accordance with the terms of the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement, by way of the conversion of the interest into our series C preferred shares at a price per share equal to $10.72, or repayment of the interest, as shall be determined by the CLA Lenders. The July 2022 CLA Amendment further provides a mandatory conversion of the Loan Amount into our series C preferred shares immediately prior, and subject to, the closing of an IPO or SPAC Transaction (as defined in our amended and restated articles of association immediately in effect prior to this offering). Upon the consummation of this offering, we expect to issue 322,478 ordinary shares upon the conversion of the principal and interest of the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement, based upon an assumed

initial public offering price of $18.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus. Under the July 2022 CLA Amendment, the exercise period under the accompanying warrants was amended to a period commencing on the date of the July 2022 CLA Amendment and ending on the earlier of (i) the second anniversary of the repayment of the Loan Amount or the conversion thereof in accordance with the terms of the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement (whichever occurs first); and (ii) immediately prior to, and subject to the closing of, an IPO or a SPAC Transaction (as defined in our amended and restated articles of association immediately in effect prior to this offering). In connection with the July 2022 CLA Amendment, each CLA Lender received additional warrants to purchase our series D preferred shares in an amount equal to eighteen percent (18%) of the total outstanding amount under the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreement as of July 31, 2022, equal to an aggregate of 17,103 series D preferred shares, exercisable at a price per share equal to $31.08. The additional warrants are exercisable until the earlier of (i) the closing of an IPO or a SPAC Transaction (as defined in our amended and restated articles of association immediately in effect prior to this offering) or (ii) the 10th anniversary of the repayment of the Loan Amount or conversion thereof.

As of March 31, 2024, the remaining balance of the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements (including the accrued interest) is convertible into 322,473 series C preferred shares.

In March 2023, we entered into an additional convertible loan agreement, or the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement, with several lenders pursuant to which the lenders loaned us a sum of $38.9 million. The 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement was issued with warrants to purchase shares of the most senior class of our shares existing immediately prior to the exercise of such warrant and bear 12% annual interest, which shall be due and payable upon repayment or upon the conversion of the lender’s loan amount into a number of shares, or the 2023 CLA Shares, upon the occurrence of the following events: (i) an IPO (as defined in the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement), (ii) a Deemed Liquidation (as defined in the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement), (iii) a Qualified Financing (as defined in the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement), (iv) an optional conversion, including in the event of a repayment of the loan amount, at the lender’s election or (v) at the lender’s election if not earlier converted prior to the third anniversary of the disbursement date of the loan proceeds with respect to such lender. The 2023 CLA Shares shall be a newly created series of our preferred equity having such rights and privileges as our then most recently authorized series of preferred equity with the additional rights as set forth in the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement.

In July 2023, we entered into a further amendment to the outstanding 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements and the accompanying warrants, which we refer to as the CLA Amendment, such that: (i) as of August 1, 2023, the interest was amended to reflect a net interest rate of 12% per annum, compounded on a yearly basis, with the total interest not being less than 24%, and (ii) the loan under the 2020 Convertible Loan Agreements is subject to a mandatory conversion into our most senior class of security, upon and subject to, the closing of an IPO or SPAC Transaction (as defined in our amended and restated articles of association immediately in effect prior to this offering). Upon the consummation of this offering, we expect to issue 3,559,695 ordinary shares upon the conversion of the principal and interest of the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement, based upon an assumed initial public offering price of $18.00 per share, which is the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.

In March 2024, we entered into an amendment to the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement pursuant to which the maximum loan amount was raised to $40,000,000 and the Board was given authority under certain circumstances to determine that certain lenders qualify as Significant Lenders and/or Overallotment Lenders (as such terms are defined in the 2023 Convertible Loan Agreement and the warrants issued thereunder).

OIC 2024 Note Purchase Agreement

In January 2024, we entered into a note purchase agreement, or the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, with Vision Lite, as the issuer, Gauzy Ltd., Gauzy USA, Inc. and Gauzy GmbH, as the guarantors and OIC Growth Fund I, L.P., OIC Growth Fund I PV, L.P., OIC Growth Fund I AUS, L.P. and OIC Growth Fund I GPFA, L.P., as purchasers, or the 2024 Note Purchasers, and OIC Investment Agent, LLC as administrative agent and collateral agent.

Under the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, the 2024 Note Purchasers extended financing to Vision Lite in the principal amount of $23.5 million, which was utilized and drawn down in full by way of issuance and sale of senior secured notes, or the 2024 Notes, by Vision Lite to the 2024 Note Purchasers. In connection with the closing of the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, we repaid the amounts owed under the Facility Agreement, other than with respect to certain amounts under the “phantom warrant.” See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial

Condition — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Indebtedness — Credit Facility.” In addition, in January 2024, we amended the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, or the 2024 NPA Amendment, pursuant to which the 2024 Note Purchasers made available to us an additional commitment in the principal amount of up to $2.5 million that may be utilized and drawn down by way of issuance and sale of additional senior secured notes by Vision Lite to the 2024 Note Purchasers. In April 2024, the $2.5 million additional commitment under the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement (as amended by the 2024 NPA Amendment) has been utilized by way of issuance and sale of additional 2024 Notes.

In addition, under the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, the 2024 Note Purchasers extended a commitment to purchase additional notes in an amount of up to $15.0 million (which commitment will be reduced on a dollar-for-dollar basis by any amounts invested by the 2024 Note Purchasers in our equity securities, including in an initial public offering, or the Second Tranche Notes). This commitment may be exercised following the consummation of an Eligible IPO, defined in the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement as an initial public offering that (a) is deemed to be a Qualified IPO (as defined in our Articles of Association as either (i) an IPO yielding net proceeds to us of at least $50,000,000 and reflecting a pre-money valuation as our board of directors shall approve or (ii) a SPAC transaction in which the combined company’s net cash position after the merger is increased by at least $50,000,000 (including the funds from the SPAC entity and/or a concurrent PIPE investment), and which reflects a pre-money valuation as our board of directors shall approve) and (b) is completed within 12 months from the closing date of the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, with gross proceeds of at least $60 million (excluding any shares as may be purchased by any 2024 Note Purchaser (or their affiliates) in such initial public offering). The Second Tranche Notes will be convertible at our discretion into our ordinary shares at a conversion price equal to (i) during the first 90 days after the closing of the Eligible IPO, the price per share in the Eligible IPO, and (ii) thereafter, the 30-day volume weighted average trading price of our ordinary shares. We will, subject to applicable law, provide the 2024 Note Purchasers notice prior to the expected pricing date of an Eligible IPO, and if an Eligible IPO does not occur within a prescribed period following such notice, then the 2024 Note Purchasers will be entitled to require that Vision Lite issue the Second Tranche Notes, and those notes will be repaid within three months after their issuance (or a later date approved by the 2024 Note Purchasers).

The 2024 Notes bear annual interest, payable quarterly, and are due on November 8, 2028, provided that 2024 Notes may be subject to partial prepayment following the date the annual financial statements of the Company are due to be delivered in accordance with the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, in an amount equal to 25% of the excess cash flow calculated in accordance with the terms of the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement. Subject to certain conditions specified therein, the 2024 Notes may be voluntarily prepaid at any time.

Amounts owing under the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement, including the principal, interest and fees payable on any issued 2024 Notes, are secured by first-ranking liens on our and certain of our subsidiaries’ assets.

In connection with the 2024 Note Purchase Agreement and the 2024 NPA Amendment, we issued to the 2024 Note Purchasers warrants, or the 2024 Note Purchaser Warrants, to purchase up to 682,282 series D-5 preferred shares of the Company (and from and after this offering, such number of ordinary shares of the Company that the aforementioned number of Preferred D-5 Shares would have converted into upon the consummation of this offering if issued prior to this offering). Under certain circumstances upon the completion of this offering, the number of ordinary shares of the Company issuable under the 2024 Note Purchaser Warrants may be increased by up to 137,040 ordinary shares. The 2024 Note Purchaser Warrants are exercisable until November 8, 2028 at a price per share equal to: (a) the price per share issued in the initial underwritten public offering of the Company’s shares, if completed on or prior to March 31, 2024, or otherwise, (b) the price of a Preferred D-5 share as determined by the latest 409A valuation of us completed between April 1, 2024 and June 30, 2024.

November 2023 Note Purchase Agreement

In November 2023, we entered into a note purchase agreement, or the Note Purchase Agreement, with Vision Lite, as the issuer, Gauzy Ltd., Gauzy USA Inc. and Gauzy GmbH, as the guarantors and Chutzpah Holdings Ltd., or the 2023 Note Purchaser, as purchaser, administrative agent and collateral agent. Under the Note Purchase Agreement, the 2023 Note Purchaser extended a credit facility to Vision Lite in an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million, or the Commitment, that may be utilized and drawn down by way of issuance and sale of senior secured notes, or the 2023 Notes, by an issuer to the Note Purchaser. As of the date of this prospectus, Vision Lite is the sole issuer, although Vision Lite may designate additional issuers pursuant to the Note Purchase Agreement. As of the date of this prospectus, $25.0 million of the Commitment has been utilized and drawn down.

Emerging Growth Company Status

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

•        a requirement to present only two years of audited financial statements in addition to any required interim financial statements and correspondingly reduced Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations disclosure;

•        to the extent that we no longer qualify as a foreign private issuer, (i) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and (ii) exemptions from the requirement to hold a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation, including golden parachute compensation;

•        an exemption from the auditor attestation requirement in the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; and

•        an exemption from compliance with the requirement that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has adopted regarding a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements.

BUSINESS

Our Company

We are a fully-integrated light and vision control company, transforming the way we experience our everyday environments. Our cutting-edge nanotechnology and electronics capabilities in light control, and our mechatronics and image analysis technologies in vision control, are revolutionizing mobility and architectural end-markets. We have established distinct leadership positions across these large and high-growth markets, where our technologies are replacing traditional mechanical products, such as shades, blinds and mirrors, with advanced and sustainable solutions offering superior functionality. Our key products include suspended particle device, or SPD, and liquid crystal, or LC, films for smart glass applications, as well as camera monitoring systems, or CMS, and other advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, solutions. We have established serial production capabilities, either directly or through sub-contracts, with leading aerospace, automotive and architecture companies including Boeing, Honda, Mercedes, Ford, BMW, and Avery Dennison. We benefit from both secular and regulatory tailwinds that are driving the rapid adoption of light and vision control technologies. In addition to our core markets, we believe that our products may have a multitude of tangible applications in other areas such as railway, maritime, specialty vehicle, private security and consumer appliances.

We aim to deliver a full suite of proprietary technologies that offer superior performance attributes by leveraging our differentiated technical capabilities and market insights, a competitive advantage we maintain through our core research and development and innovation organization. We have a comprehensive product offering with multiple complementary light and vision control technologies, enabling us to provide a full range of solutions for light and vision control across diverse markets, applications and geographies. Our vertically integrated in-house production capabilities enable us to offer our products at various stages in the supply chain based on the specific business needs of our customers. For example, we have the capability to simultaneously sell films to glass fabricators, prefabricated stacks to Tier 1 glass manufacturers and, in certain instances, full window systems to original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs.

In light control, our product offerings include smart glass and films that switch from transparent to opaque, controllable dimmable shading, and transparent displays for digital signage and communication. Our light control products allow the user to regulate privacy, solar heat gain, and UV protection. In vision control, we are a leading

Tier 1 supplier of ADAS solutions for trucks, buses and coaches, designed to create a safer and more comfortable driving experience. Our unique ADAS offerings remove the need for side- and rear-view mirrors, instead providing the driver with a real-time video display and alerts to reduce blind spots and potential driving hazards.

We enjoy close, collaborative relationships with many OEMs, Tier 1 suppliers, film processors and glass fabricators who rely on our technologies. During the product development process, we customize our solutions to ensure they meet our customers’ requirements and are ultimately certified for production. In aerospace, we are a leading Tier 1 supplier for the commercial airline, business jet and helicopter segments, providing fully-manufactured smart glass and advanced shading solutions directly to our customers. We hold a leading market position in cockpit shading systems for commercial airliners and business jets. We are in serial production for cabin shades, either directly or through sub-contracts, with seven business jet OEMs, including Embraer, HondaJet, Bombardier, Gulfstream, Daher and Beechcraft. Furthermore, we have successfully leveraged the technology and mechatronics expertise we have developed as a Tier 1 aerospace supplier to provide additional differentiated products and services to the automotive and architecture markets.

In the automotive and architectural markets, we are a leading Tier 2 supplier of light control technologies. Our unique business model enables automotive and architectural glass fabricators globally to manufacture smart glass that is integrated with our films and electronics. In the automotive segment, OEMs incorporate our technology in glass rooftops, side windows and windshields to replace conventional mechanical sun visors and shades. In the architectural market, we serve all major segments including commercial, retail, residential, healthcare and hospitality for both interior and exterior applications. In the commercial vehicle segment, we are a Tier 1 supplier and one of the market leaders in vision control technologies, including CMS and ADAS systems for the truck, bus and coach market.

We are strategically located in close proximity to our customers. This geographic competitive advantage deepens local customer relationships, enhances commercial innovation, optimizes customer support, shortens supply chains and enables us to deliver our technologies quickly and efficiently around the world. As a result, the typical customer contract length is 15 to over 30 years for customers in our aeronautics segment, approximately eight years for customers in our automotive segment and five to ten years for customers in our safety tech segment. We operate production facilities in Israel, France, Germany and the United States, with sales, marketing and fulfilment centers in 15 locations throughout the globe. We sell our products in over 30 countries through both direct fulfilment and a network of expertly trained and certified distribution channels.

We serve a broad range of end-markets and geographies, enabling us to benefit from a diversified base of revenues. In 2023, we generated approximately 22.5% of our revenues in the United States, 21.7% in Europe (excluding France), 45.8% in France, 1.4% in Israel, and 4.6% in Asia, with the remaining 4.0% generated in other countries across the world. In the same period, we generated approximately 43.4% of our revenues in the aerospace market, 38.1% in safety tech and commercial vehicle market and 18.5% in the automotive and architectural market combined. We also enjoy a diverse customer base, with no single customer representing more than 9.3% and 9.7% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 and three months ended March 31, 2024, respectively.

Industry Overview and Market Potential

We operate in the light and vision control markets, and the history of our company’s involvement in these markets is linked by a common focus on controlling user interaction and experience with everyday environments, specifically within mobility and architectural applications. As an example, our dimmable smart glass technologies are used to control both the amount and type of light passing through automotive rooftops. This enables an enhanced and customized mobility experience for both drivers and passengers. Similarly, our innovative CMS technology builds on our foundation of advanced mirror expertise, a form of light control, and enables a safer and more comfortable driver experience.

Light Control

Advanced light control technologies are transforming many industries, including architectural and mobility markets, by replacing traditional mechanical products such as standard glass windows and sun visors with smart glass solutions. These technologies create countless user benefits, including a reduction in carbon emissions and improved public safety. By actively controlling the light that is transmitted through a transparent substrate, such as glass, light control technologies give traditionally passive materials dynamic and multi-purpose functionality. By allowing a surface to appear transparent, translucent or opaque on-command, light control technologies balance the benefits of natural light with the need for privacy and energy efficiency. Light control technologies can be integrated into windows, partitions and other transparent surfaces in a wide range of end-market applications.

The market potential for integrated advanced light control products continues to grow as more material applications develop. According to a recent research report conducted by Frost and Sullivan, the global smart glass market size is expected to reach $124 billion by 2028 and to grow at a CAGR of 22.8% from 2023 to 2028, driven primarily by the architecture and mobility markets.

Architectural applications are poised to represent a significant growth opportunity as light control technologies are increasingly integrated into new building construction in windows, skylights and partitions. Approximately 80% of flat glass produced globally has been historically used in building and construction applications. Adoption of smart glass in architectural applications is expected to be driven by the need for on-demand privacy and solar heat control in both new buildings and retrofits within the residential and commercial segments.

In the automotive market, we expect to continue to benefit from the increasing adoption of light control technologies in applications such as glass rooftops, side windows and windshields. In windshields for example, our technologies replace sun visors and can enhance the performance of head-up-displays, or HUDs, by controlling contrast in varying lighting conditions. We are well-established in this space and are working with many traditional and emerging OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers to incorporate our light control technologies into their products. For example, many electric vehicles on the market today feature glass panoramic rooftops without mechanical shading in order to increase head room, as the vehicles’ batteries typically occupy additional space underneath the passenger compartment. Our technologies are being embedded in these rooftops by various OEMs as a preferred solution to control light and heat, also helping to save energy and extend the driving range per charge.

From a policy perspective, both the United States and the European Union are working to promote the development of environmentally sustainable technologies. For example, in August 2022, the U.S. Federal Government passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes provisions from the Dynamic Glass Act that extend meaningful investment tax credits to electrically-controlled variable tint materials. The passing of these provisions is expected to further accelerate the adoption of light control technologies within architectural markets. Following the passing of the Dynamic Glass Act, the American Clean Power Association released a report stating that, as of July 31, 2023, $270 billion in capital investment had been announced for utility-scale clean energy projects and manufacturing facilities, which is equivalent to eight years’ worth of American clean energy investment, surpassing total investment into U.S. clean power projects commissioned between 2015 and 2022.

In the European Union, at least 30% of the NextGenerationEU Recovery Plan, which was added to the European Union’s 2021-2027 long-term budget, has been earmarked for tackling climate change and supporting environmentally-friendly projects. In 2020, the European Commission also established a framework for the European Green Deal such that the European Commission has set out to make Europe climate-neutral by 2050, which also sets the intermediate target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. Additionally, in October 2023, the Council of the European Union adopted the new Renewable Energy Directive to raise the share of renewable energy in the EU’s overall energy consumption to 42.5% by 2030 with an additional 2.5% indicative top-up to allow the target of 45% to be achieved.

Advanced light control technologies can generally be classified into two basic types: (1) “passive” technologies, where the change in glass transparency is a reaction to ambient conditions such as heat or light in the surrounding environment, and (2) “active” technologies, which are controlled by the user when an electrical current is applied.

The two main types of passive light control technologies are photochromic and thermochromic. They are primarily based on thin film dyes whose molecular structure changes in response to a change in the level of UV radiation or heat, causing the glass to block the passage of light. Photochromic technologies are primarily used in eyeglasses and are not considered to have broader commercial applications for smart glass solutions due to their slow response time and poor functionality at the high and low ends of the temperature range. Photochromic glass also performs poorly in vehicles or other enclosed settings where existing glass blocks incoming UV light, which is required for photochromic glass to operate.

Thermochromic technologies on the other hand, have been adapted for smart glass solutions and there are a number of companies that currently offer thermochromic “smart” glass products. Thermochromic glass reacts to heat from direct sunlight, thus the more intense the sunlight, the darker the glass becomes. When the UV rays from the sun hits the surface of thermochromic glass, it is able to partially block both UV and infrared light, and depending on the position of the sun, the glass self-tints to block excessive heat when the sun is hottest (i.e., at its highest position in the sky). The main limitation of thermochromic glass is that it cannot be actively controlled and has a relatively slow response time that is directly proportional to the increase or decrease in sun or heat.

Since passive technologies cannot be controlled by the user, their application in a “smart” setting is limited. Active light control technologies, on the other hand, enable user control over the state of the glass. This control can be achieved manually or automatically via control panels, mobile phones, tablets and other smart devices and systems.

The three main types of active light control technologies, which we are most focused on, are LC technologies, SPD technologies and electrochromic technologies.

Liquid Crystal (LC) Technologies

LC technologies, including polymer dispersed liquid crystal, or PDLC, sematic liquid crystal and cholesteric liquid crystal, are activated when an electrical current is applied to the material. This current causes the normally randomly aligned liquid crystal molecules to become oriented in such a way as to disperse light or allow light to pass through, thereby causing the material to change from opaque to transparent. This technology requires a constant power supply to maintain a transparent state. When in a powered state, the material is clear, allowing for full transparency; when unpowered, the material is completely opaque. Liquid crystal technologies in light control applications are commonly used when there is a need to control visible light for privacy, necessitating a fast response time. LC technologies can also enable glass to change the apparent color of light for an aesthetically-customizable environment.

Suspended Particle Device (SPD) Technologies

SPD is an active light control technology in which an electromagnetic field is applied to the material in order to effect a change from opaque to transparent by realigning nanoparticles contained within a transparent medium. SPD regulates the amount of light and glare passing through a transparent aperture. The level of tint is adjustable and the SPD itself has a very wide dynamic range (i.e., SPD can block up to 99% of the total light transmission in an ‘off’ state). A continuous electrical current is required in order to maintain a desired transparency. SPD can be applied on a variety of surfaces including glass and other substrates such as polycarbonate. It is particularly suited in applications where there is a need for gradual light control, near to total black out shading and fail-to-dark functionality.

Electrochromic (EC) Technologies

Electrochromic, or EC, technology is an active light control technology that consists of a flat glass coat that includes multiple layers of metal oxide. The coated glass is fabricated into an insulated glass unit, or IGU, which can be tinted or cleared through the application of an electrical current. EC is used in flat glass applications, such as aircraft windows and commercial buildings.

Vision Control

Advanced vision control technologies, such as CMS and ADAS, are revolutionizing the commercial vehicle market by optimizing visibility to enhance the driver experience and improve safety. By monitoring and analyzing the spaces around trucks, buses and coaches, advanced vision control technologies eliminate blind spots and glare to offer a wider field of vision than a traditional side-view and rear-view mirror system and provide clearer images of external conditions. When advanced vision control technologies are installed as original equipment or retrofitted onto existing commercial vehicles, potential driving hazards, accidents and injuries are reduced by creating a safer environment for both the operator and other road users.

Current trends in the commercial and public transportation markets increasingly favor the adoption of advanced safety features and driver assistance technologies. This trend is being supported by operators’ desire to reduce costs and improve the driver experience, as well as the accelerating adoption of regulatory frameworks to enhance public safety in the European Union and United States. The growing trend of electrification of commercial vehicles is also increasing the demand for compact camera-based vision systems. Due to the increased cost of a commercial electric vehicle, operators have a strong incentive to utilize camera-based vision systems and other driver assistance technologies to protect their fleets, reduce vehicle downtime and improve safety.

The push for safer commercial transportation is driving manufacturers to integrate new, advanced technologies into their vehicle development pipelines in order to deliver improved safety features that are only possible with CMS and ADAS technologies. For instance, the European Union is mandating new regulations that require buses, coaches and trucks to incorporate ADAS technologies and warning systems to help prevent collisions with pedestrians, cyclists and other vulnerable road users, or VRUs. According to a recent research report conducted by Frost and Sullivan, the global safety tech market, including ADAS and CMS for trucks and buses and driver protection doors for buses, is expected to reach $15 billion by 2028 and to grow at a CAGR of 21.5% from 2023 to 2028.

Our technologies aim to deliver important environmental and social benefits to our customers and are well-aligned with industry trends. Our products eliminate the need for mechanical mirrors and deliver critical financial benefits. For example, CMS technologies have been shown to reduce the maintenance and downtime costs related to bus accidents by 40% over an 18-month period, and can deliver improvements in fuel economy of up to 4%, as traditional wing mirrors add to aerodynamic drag. As such, operators’ investments in advanced CMS systems typically carry a rapid payback period of two to three years while reducing total cost of ownership.

We believe that replacing traditional side-view mirrors with smart, adaptive cameras is a trend that will accelerate in the future. In December 2021, the City of London made the decision to aim to retrofit a majority of its public transportation fleet with CMS technologies and is currently evaluating which vehicles in the London bus fleet are suitable for retrofitting CMS. We anticipate a substantial number of the new buses in Europe will utilize ADAS technologies in the future, as we are seeing an increasing number of orders from the City of London for application on electric buses that incorporate these technologies. Additionally, in 2022, Mercedes adopted CMS technologies in their Actros model vehicle, which further supports our belief that CMS technologies will be rapidly adopted in the majority of new trucks and buses as well as retrofits in the coming years.

In addition to the OEM market for CMS and ADAS technologies, we see significant opportunity in retrofitting existing truck and bus fleets to address an increased focus on safety from operators and regulators. For example, in September 2022, we were sub-contracted to provide one of our customers with our ADAS technology pursuant to their contract with the city of Lyon, France, which is aiming to retrofit the city’s bus fleet of approximately 900 buses with ADAS technologies to promote public safety. Similarly, in July 2023, we were chosen by a city in Australia to retrofit its full fleet of approximately 1,000 public buses with our ADAS technologies. These are strong indications of broader market adoption of CMS and ADAS solutions and opportunities to retrofit the installed base of existing truck and bus fleets.

Key End-Markets

We work closely with customers and industry partners to develop and commercialize integrated light and vision control technologies, and establishing strategic partnerships and customer relationships is key to our business model. We believe these partnerships will help accelerate our research and development efforts to bring cutting-edge technology to the forefront of our markets.

Automotive

As advances in automotive technology offerings continue as part of the adoption of electric vehicles, the integration of light and vision control technologies is a natural next step in the evolution of the automobile. As an example, the implementation of ADAS technologies in cars is expected to be quickly adopted. In 2020, ADAS technologies were only installed in approximately 10% of the estimated 1.05 billion cars in use around the world, but this is predicted to increase to 30% in 2025 and 50% in 2030. We will continue to benefit from the increasing adoption of light control technologies in applications such as glass rooftops, side windows and windshields. Our technologies are enabling the replacement of traditional mechanical products, such as shades, blinds and mirrors, with advanced and sustainable solutions offering superior functionality. The continuing trend toward incorporating panoramic glass panels and sunroofs in passenger cars is expected to drive smart glass demand in the automotive industry as these sought-after features become increasingly technologically feasible. Since the batteries for electric vehicles are typically placed under the floor in the center of the car, glass panoramic sunroofs are becoming an industry standard as a solution to save head room as the glass panels installed on roofs are thinner than traditional automobile roofs. Utilizing smart glass in these glass panoramic sunroofs also allows for the control of the amount of heat, light and glare.

Commercial Vehicles

In the commercial vehicle market, OEMs are developing trucks and buses replacing traditional side-view mirrors with fully-integrated CMS technology that can analyze road conditions in real time and alert the driver of hazards to better protect VRUs. Meanwhile, light control technologies will allow operators the ability to provide passengers with controllable ambience settings on bus or train rides.

Aerospace

In aerospace, we expect key OEMs to devote a significant amount of resources and capital over the next decade to updating their fleets’ interiors with cabin shading technologies as a key differentiator in the marketplace. Here, we are leveraging our expertise in cockpit applications to expand our strong and growing market presence in the cabin light management market. We are also a leading provider of dimmable solutions and glazing options to commercial and private jet and helicopter OEMs. As one of the companies currently manufacturing dimmable solutions and solar protection for helicopters, we expect to expand our market share in this segment with our customizable light control solutions.

Architecture — Exterior Applications

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 2021, building use in the residential and commercial sectors accounted for 39% of total U.S. energy consumption and 75% of total U.S. electricity use, most of which is being used to maintain the building’s interior conditions. Integrating light control technologies into a building will help reduce energy use associated with lighting, heating and cooling by about 20%. By 2050, it is anticipated that the adoption of smart glass can eliminate 2.19 gigatons of CO2, resulting in $321.5 billion in savings.

Architecture — Interior Spaces

In addition to lowering a building’s carbon footprint, smart glass is a sophisticated interior design element that has a number of innovative functions. Coupling light control technologies with the benefits of using glass partitions balances the need for privacy with the desire to enhance and efficiently sanitize interior spaces. As an engineering solution, the use of glass as an interior partition maximizes space as glass partitions are generally thinner than standard drywall partitions, allowing architects and interior designers to fully utilize the potential of interior settings.

In certain public spaces, such as hospitals and hotels, the adoption of light control technologies in glass partitions is driven by the trend of replacing traditional blinds, shades and curtains, which are difficult to clean and can be hotbeds for contamination. The COVID-19 pandemic has reinforced the need to be able to quickly sanitize individual usage rooms while maintaining user privacy. As an added benefit, the use of glass partitions in these settings is environmentally friendly by reducing the use of linen. The application of light control technologies in glass partitions in these public settings can also upgrade the user experience. For example, a smart glass partition can automatically provide for privacy when a bathroom light is turned on.

Our Light and Vision Control Products

LCG® Products

Our LCG® technologies include a variety of PDLC and SPD films, which are laminated into, or retrofitted onto, glass or other transparent materials by our trusted partners worldwide. LCG® Film is defined as a smart glass interlayer with SPD or PDLC technology coated between two pieces of PET sheets with conductive coating. We are a Tier 2 supplier of PDLC and SPD films which are available as rolls, cut-to-fit sheets or in a prelaminated stack to best accommodate a partner’s process. We provide SPD or PDLC turn-key smart glass as a Tier 1 supplier in the aeronautics industry, and select opportunities in railway, marine and agricultural/construction vehicles.

A roll is defined as a continuous film wrapped on a core in varying lengths and widths depending on product type. These varying widths, including 1.3, 1.5 and 1.8 meters wide, are designed to optimize a partner’s yield, reducing wasted material and increasing bottom line. A cut-to-fit sheet is a PDLC or SPD film that is cut to a custom size and comes either with or without applied busbars according to a customer’s unique specifications. A prelaminated stack is a PDLC or SPD film that is encapsulated in an adhesive interlayer with

complete electric preparation for a fully lamination-ready product without pre- or post-process requirements. Turn-key smart glass is a complete window or partition with laminated PDLC or SPD technology that simply requires installation.

Both PDLC and SPD films are available with invisible laser-etched patterning which creates segments in films for zoned light control. Patterning capabilities include linear, curved or free-formed shapes and designs for a highly customized smart glass solution. Each technology is compatible with various glass types, coatings, lamination stacks and IGU systems to satisfy specific customer and industry requirements. Films are able to be cut into unique shapes and specially thermoformed to address 3D/multi-axis curved and bent glass.

All of our PDLC and SPD products are operated by our patented controllers which are able to provide increased optical, mechanical and electrical performance. Controllers include our Mini, Flex and MultiPlex controllers which each power glass in different sizes, multi-segments and with different functions, including on/off, dimming and fading.

PDLC Products

Our liquid crystal products allow glass to switch from opaque to controlled levels of transparent in less than 0.1 seconds. Our wide range of indoor-and-outdoor grade liquid crystal LCG® technologies support spaces with glass-centric designs, such as providing instant transparency for visibility and an open atmosphere or privacy, high definition transparent display when paired with projection or solar IR reflection to assist with temperature control when our Solar Performance PDLC (SP-LCG®) is selected.

We have two types of PDLC technologies that allow glass professionals to create LCG® smart glass for end customers: films for lamination by glass fabricators and adhesive films that are retrofitted onto existing glass by film installers. Different product lines are available in white or grey.

PDLC Lamination Films

High Performance (HP-LCG®) films are designed to be used in interior architectural applications and are defined by our high optical, mechanical and electrical performance. HP-LCG® has low haze when operated at low voltage for reduced energy consumption supporting smart homes/buildings models.

ExtraClear Performance (EP-LCG®) PDLC films are fully optimized for visual performance with over 90% light transmission, making this our highest clarity film when turned on. With a unique composition, off-axis haze is reduced, making this product an ideal solution for tight corridors.